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# 2 Minute Medicine

Concise. Curated. Evidence.™

## Posts

- [Sentinel lymph node biopsy may reduce the need for axillary dissection in cN1 breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy-may-reduce-the-need-for-axillary-dissection-in-cn1-breast-cancer/) - 1. Upfront sentinel lymph node biopsy permitted the avoidance of axillary lymph node dissection in most patients with cN1 HR+/HER2- breast cancer and limited ultrasound findings. 2. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was feasible in this population, with no short-term instances of isolated axillary or locoregional recurrence. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Axillary lymph
- [Delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy is associated with worse outcomes in skin and soft tissue infections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/delayed-initiation-of-antibiotic-therapy-is-associated-with-worse-outcomes-in-skin-and-soft-tissue-infections/) - 1. Delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy was strongly associated with treatment failure and prolonged hospitalization in hospitalized SSTI patients. 2. Comorbidity burden and socioeconomic disparities significantly influenced SSTI outcomes, highlighting the importance of individualized management and antimicrobial stewardship. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) In this prospective observational study, Biyazin et al. evaluated determinants of treatment
- [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may reduce risk of total joint arthroplasty in osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-may-reduce-risk-of-total-joint-arthroplasty-in-osteoarthritis/) - 1. Initiation of centrally acting analgesics in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) was associated with a higher long-term risk of total joint arthroplasty compared with SSRI initiation. 2. Management of comorbid depression may play an important role in OA symptom progression and surgical outcomes, potentially exceeding the benefit of centrally mediated analgesic effects alone. Evidence Rating
- [Physical frailty is associated with increased risk of epilepsy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/physical-frailty-is-associated-with-increased-risk-of-epilepsy/) - 1. Physical frailty, particularly slow gait speed, was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of incident epilepsy in a large longitudinal cohort. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In this large prospective cohort study, Hu et al. investigated the association between physical frailty and incident epilepsy using data from 421,383 participants in the UK Biobank
- [A multimodal approach combining cognitive assessment with biomarkers may accurately predict dementia risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-multimodal-approach-combining-cognitive-assessment-with-biomarkers-may-accurately-predict-dementia-risk/) - 1. Plasma p-tau217 was the strongest individual biomarker for predicting progression to Alzheimer's disease dementia in patients with subjective cognitive decline. 2. A multimodal model combining cognitive assessment, plasma p-tau217, and APOE4 genotype provided excellent prognostic accuracy and may support early risk stratification in memory clinic populations. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This longitudinal observational
- [An intradialytic exercise intervention did not improve dialysis adequacy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/an-intradialytic-exercise-intervention-did-not-improve-dialysis-adequacy/) - 1. A 4-week intradialytic pedalling exercise program was safe and well-tolerated but did not significantly improve dialysis adequacy measures. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized controlled trial evaluated whether intradialytic pedaling exercise improves dialysis adequacy in adults with chronic kidney disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Eighty-four patients from dialysis centers were randomized to either an
- [Adverse pregnancy outcomes is associated with worse offspring cardiovascular health in early adulthood](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adverse-pregnancy-outcomes-is-associated-with-worse-offspring-cardiovascular-health-in-early-adulthood/) - 1. Exposure to adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, was associated with worse cardiovascular health and early arterial injury among offspring in early adulthood. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) have been associated with long-term maternal cardiovascular health (CVH). However, research on the role of APOs in CVH
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 18, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-18-2026/) - Determinants of treatment outcomes among hospitalised patients with skin and soft tissue infections: a prospective observational study 1. Delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy was strongly associated with treatment failure and prolonged hospitalization in hospitalized SSTI patients. 2. Comorbidity burden and socioeconomic disparities significantly influenced SSTI outcomes, highlighting the importance of individualized management and antimicrobial stewardship.
- [Adjuvanted influenza vaccines and high-dose influenza vaccines may have similar effectiveness in adult patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adjuvanted-influenza-vaccines-and-high-dose-influenza-vaccines-may-have-similar-effectiveness-in-adult-patients/) - 1. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines did not differ significantly in effectiveness compared to high-dose influenza vaccines against laboratory-confirmed influenza and influenza-related hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits in adult patients. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Influenza burden is greatest among older adults, with 70% to 85% of influenza-related deaths and 50% to 70% of influenza-related hospitalizations
- [Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta may not improve outcomes in adults with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/resuscitative-endovascular-balloon-occlusion-of-the-aorta-may-not-improve-outcomes-in-adults-with-non-traumatic-out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest/) - 1. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) as an adjunct to advanced life support (ALS) does not improve rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in adult patients with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) OHCA remains associated with extremely high mortality, with most patients not achieving ROSC, and
- [Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors guided by pharmacogenetic testing may improve treatment response in depression](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/use-of-selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-guided-by-pharmacogenetic-testing-may-improve-treatment-response-in-depression/) - 1. Genotype-guided prescribing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may improve treatment response in children and adults with depression. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Although SSRIs are the most prescribed pharmacotherapy for depression, discontinuation rates remain high, with some studies reporting up to 50% discontinuation due to ineffectiveness or adverse effects. Pharmacogenetic testing may provide
- [Sequential compared to upfront treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer using oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) therapy may lead to similar outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sequential-compared-to-upfront-treatment-of-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-using-oxaliplatin-eloxatin-therapy-may-lead-to-similar-outcomes/) - 1. Sequential and upfront treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with oxaliplatin (OX)-based therapy does not lead to significantly different overall survival. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) While the incidence of mCRC rises sharply with age, clinical trials predominantly exclude patients over 65 years. Recent studies have shown triple therapy with fluoropyrimidine (FP), bevacizumab (BEV),
- [Activated factor VIII-mimetic prophylaxis associated with reduced bleeding in hemophilia A](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/activated-factor-viii-mimetic-prophylaxis-associated-with-reduced-bleeding-in-hemophilia-a/) - 1. In adolescents and adults with hemophilia A, subcutaneous Mim8 prophylaxis reduced treated bleeding events versus on-demand therapy and versus clotting factor concentrate prophylaxis. 2. Once-weekly and once-monthly Mim8 showed similarly low bleeding rates and were generally well tolerated, with mild injection-site reactions being the most common treatment-related adverse event. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
- [Point-of-care ultrasound may be effective at identifying nephrolithiasis in the emergency department](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/point-of-care-ultrasound-may-be-effective-at-identifying-nephrolithiasis-in-the-emergency-department/) - 1. Renal point-of-care ultrasound (rPOCUS) findings of hydronephrosis in adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected renal colic were significantly associated with the presence of nephrolithiasis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Computed tomography (CT) is the best imaging modality for identifying nephrolithiasis. However, it exposes patients to radiation, leads to increased ED
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 11, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-11-2026/) - Adjuvanted vs High-Dose Influenza Vaccines in Older US Adults 1. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines did not differ significantly in effectiveness compared to high-dose influenza vaccines against laboratory-confirmed influenza and influenza-related hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits in adult patients. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Influenza burden is greatest among older adults, with 70% to 85% of
- [Polyethylene glycol-mediated nerve repair may accelerate early recovery in patients with distal forearm nerve injuries](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/polyethylene-glycol-mediated-nerve-repair-may-accelerate-early-recovery-in-patients-with-distal-forearm-nerve-injuries/) - 1. Polyethylene glycol-mediated neurorrhaphy was associated with early sensory recovery and lower pain scores in the early postoperative period compared to standard repair in Sunderland V median and ulnar nerve injuries. 2. Patients in the polyethylene glycol nerve repair group demonstrated significantly higher sensory, motor, and Michigan Hand Questionnaire scores. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
- [Perianal lidocaine may improve comfort and efficiency during unsedated adult colonoscopy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/perianal-lidocaine-may-improve-comfort-and-efficiency-during-unsedated-adult-colonoscopy/) - 1. Perianal 2% lidocaine gel significantly reduced anal pain and shortened cecal intubation time during unsedated colonoscopy in adults aged 18–40 years. 2. The intervention appeared safe in this small trial and may be especially useful for junior endoscopists, but generalizability is limited by the single-centre design, modest sample size, and exclusion of patients older
- [Combined use of cannabis and alcohol may increase driving impairment and subjective intoxication](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/combined-use-of-cannabis-and-alcohol-may-increase-driving-impairment-and-subjective-intoxication/) - 1. Co-use of cannabis edibles and alcohol augmented driving impairment and subjective intoxication. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Previous research has found that the co-use of cannabis and alcohol impairs driving ability and cognitive and behavioral performance to a greater extent than when used individually. While previous studies focused on inhaled forms of cannabis and
- [Housing insecurity is associated with increased risk of geriatric conditions and mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/housing-insecurity-is-associated-with-increased-risk-of-geriatric-conditions-and-mortality/) - 1. Poor housing affordability and poor housing quality were associated with the development of geriatric conditions and mortality over 5 years. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Housing insecurity is defined by a lack of housing affordability, quality, and stability, and is an important modifiable social determinant of health (SDOH). It is estimated that over 1
- [Maternal use of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics is not associated with increased risk of psychiatric](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maternal-use-of-benzodiazepines-and-non-benzodiazepine-hypnotics-is-not-associated-with-increased-risk-of-psychiatric/) - 1. Maternal use of benzodiazepines or non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (Z-hypnotics) during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring after controlling for shared familial factors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (Z-hypnotics) are frequently prescribed drugs among pregnant women who commonly experience psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and
- [A non-invasive neurostimulation intervention may improve social communication impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-non-invasive-neurostimulation-intervention-may-improve-social-communication-impairment-in-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorder/) - 1. Five days of accelerated continuous theta burst stimulation (a-cTBS) targeting the left primary motor cortex improved social communication impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique that has shown efficacy in treating various neuropsychiatric conditions. Research on the application of
- [Longer and more frequent napping among older individuals is associated with increased mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/longer-and-more-frequent-napping-among-older-individuals-is-associated-with-increased-mortality/) - 1. Older individuals with actigraphy-assessed longer nap duration, more frequent naps, and a tendency to nap in the morning was associated with a higher all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Excessive napping in late life is associated with adverse health outcomes including mortality. As previous studies mainly relied on self-reported napping habits, objective measurements
- [Low-volume polyethylene glycol bowel preparation increases high-quality cleansing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/low-volume-polyethylene-glycol-bowel-preparation-increases-high-quality-cleansing/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, a 1 L polyethylene glycol–ascorbate regimen achieved higher rates of high-quality bowel cleansing compared with both 2 L and 4 L regimens in hospitalized adults undergoing elective colonoscopy. 2. All regimens were well tolerated; however, the 1 L group reported the greatest willingness to repeat the preparation among treatment
- [Limited pharmacotherapy initiation during veteran hospitalizations for alcohol use disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/limited-pharmacotherapy-initiation-during-veteran-hospitalizations-for-alcohol-use-disorder/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, approximately 30% of veterans hospitalized for alcohol use disorder received medications for alcohol use disorder during hospitalization or within 7 days of discharge. 2. Initiation was less common among older patients, male veterans, and American Indian or Alaska Native veterans, with substantial variation in initiation rates observed across hospitals.
- [Calcitonin gene-related peptide therapies effective for chronic migraine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/calcitonin-gene-related-peptide-therapies-effective-for-chronic-migraine/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, prophylaxis with calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting therapies (eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and atogepant) consistently reduced monthly migraine headache days compared with placebo. 2. Only a small proportion of included studies were at low risk of bias, and head-to-head comparisons between therapies were limited. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [A robotic approach for ventral hernia repair may improve postoperative outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-robotic-approach-for-ventral-hernia-repair-may-improve-postoperative-outcomes/) - 1. Robotic component separation for ventral hernia repair was associated with lower postoperative complication rates, shorter length of stay, and fewer readmissions compared to the open approach. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Surgical repair of complex ventral hernias is challenging and associated with high morbidity. While component separation is commonly used to repair complex ventral
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 4, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-4-2026/) - Impact of Cannabis Edibles Combined With Alcohol on Driving, Field Sobriety Performance, and Subjective Effects: A Within-Participant Crossover Trial 1. Co-use of cannabis edibles and alcohol augmented driving impairment and subjective intoxication. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Previous research has found that the co-use of cannabis and alcohol impairs driving ability and cognitive and behavioral
- [Rising amputation rates, especially among opioid-related hospitalizations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/rising-amputation-rates-especially-among-opioid-related-hospitalizations/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, amputation rates increased more rapidly among opioid-related than among non-opioid-related hospitalizations across the United States between 2016 and 2022. 2. At the regional level, the increase in amputation rates was also greater among opioid-related hospitalizations compared with non-opioid-related hospitalizations in the Northeast and West census regions. Evidence Rating Level: 3
- [Near-point-of-care molecular test accurately detects pulmonary tuberculosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/near-point-of-care-molecular-test-accurately-detects-pulmonary-tuberculosis/) - 1. In patients with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis, the MiniDock MTB molecular test using sputum and tongue swabs showed diagnostic accuracy consistent with World Health Organization targets for near-point-of-care tuberculosis testing. 2. Sputum-swab MiniDock MTB had sensitivity similar to polymerase-chain-reaction assays, and both sputum- and tongue-swab testing were more sensitive than sputum-smear microscopy, with good usability
- [Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir does not improve severe outcomes in adults vaccinated against COVID-19](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nirmatrelvir-ritonavir-does-not-improve-severe-outcomes-in-adults-vaccinated-against-covid-19/) - 1. In two large randomized platform trials, early treatment with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir did not reduce hospitalization or death among mostly vaccinated, higher-risk outpatients with COVID-19. 2. Treatment was associated with faster symptom recovery and reduced viral load, though adverse effects (e.g., dysgeusia, gastrointestinal symptoms) were common. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: As population-level immunity
- [Triple low-dose antihypertensive pill reduced recurrent stroke after intracerebral hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/triple-low-dose-antihypertensive-pill-reduced-recurrent-stroke-after-intracerebral-hemorrhage/) - 1. In clinically stable patients with prior intracerebral hemorrhage, a fixed-dose combination pill containing three low-dose antihypertensive agents reduced recurrent stroke compared with placebo when added to standard care. 2. The triple pill also improved blood-pressure control and reduced major cardiovascular events, though treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was more common. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Early enteral nutrition reduces complications after pancreatoduodenectomy in high nutritional risk patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-enteral-nutrition-reduces-complications-after-pancreatoduodenectomy-in-high-nutritional-risk-patients/) - 1. Patients at increased nutritional risk who received early supplemental enteral nutrition after pancreatoduodenectomy experienced a lower burden of postoperative complications compared to those receiving oral nutrition alone. 2. Early enteral nutrition was associated with fewer infectious and pulmonary complications, although rates of specific surgical complications and mortality were similar between groups. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Invasive management for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in frail patients may not improve mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/invasive-management-for-non-st-segment-elevation-myocardial-infarction-in-frail-patients-may-not-improve-mortality/) - 1. In frail, elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), invasive management with coronary angiography did not improve mortality and cardiovascular outcomes compared to conservative management. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Frailty is becoming an increasingly important consideration in patient management as the global population continues to age. Frailty is an independent,
- [The incidence of early-onset metastatic adenocarcinoma may be higher among patients with multiple metastatic sites and peritoneal involvement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-incidence-of-early-onset-metastatic-adenocarcinoma-may-be-higher-among-patients-with-multiple-metastatic-sites-and-peritoneal-involvement/) - 1. Incidence of early-onset metastatic adenocarcinoma increased among patients with multiple metastatic sites and those with peritoneum involvement. 2. Net survival of metastatic adenocarcinoma improved over time, except for those with peritoneal involvement. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The incidence of early-onset (EO) colorectal metastatic adenocarcinoma (mADC) is increasing. A detailed description of epidemiologic time
- [COVID-19 vaccination is associated with reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation following COVID-19 infection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/covid-19-vaccination-is-associated-with-reduced-risk-of-new-onset-atrial-fibrillation-following-covid-19-infection/) - 1. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a reduced 24-month risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter after COVID-19 infection. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) COVID-19 infection has been linked with cardiovascular complications such as new-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter (NOAF). While there is evidence of the COVID-19 vaccine being protective against the development of long COVID, its potential protective
- [Polycythemia is not associated with increased mortality in heart failure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/polycythemia-is-not-associated-with-increased-mortality-in-heart-failure/) - 1. Polycythemia was not associated with increased in-hospital, short-term, or long-term mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Anemia has been consistently associated with worse outcomes in both chronic heart failure and acute decompensated HF (ADHF). Polycythemia has been linked to adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but whether a similar association exists for ADHF.
- [Early child-rearing conditions may improve psychosocial outcomes in adopted children compared to unadopted biological siblings](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-child-rearing-conditions-may-improve-psychosocial-outcomes-in-adopted-children-compared-to-unadopted-biological-siblings/) - 1. Adopted individuals who experienced improved environmental conditions had better long-term psychosocial outcomes than their unadopted biological siblings, with some advantages also observed in the next generation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Improving home environments during early life can benefit later cognitive, educational, and behavioural outcomes. However, the long-term protective effect of child-rearing conditions and
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 27, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-27-2026/) - Objectively Measured Daytime Napping Patterns and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults 1. Older individuals with actigraphy-assessed longer nap duration, more frequent naps, and a tendency to nap in the morning were associated with a higher all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Excessive napping in late life is associated with adverse health outcomes, including mortality.
- [Artificial intelligence decision support software improved spirometry diagnosis performance in primary care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-ai-decision-support-software-improved-spirometry-diagnosis-performance-in-primary-care/) - 1. Doe and colleagues assessed an AI software’s ability to improve spirometry interpretation performance by primary care clinicians. 2. The AI software group demonstrated greater diagnosis prediction performance compared to the control group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Spirometry is widely used for diagnosing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, its
- [Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting show mixed human longevity data](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/caloric-restriction-and-intermittent-fasting-show-mixed-human-longevity-data/) - Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting show mixed human longevity data Caloric restriction remains one of the most robust interventions for extending lifespan in animal models, with consistent improvements observed across multiple species. In controlled settings, reductions in caloric intake without malnutrition have been associated with delayed onset of age related disease and extended survival. Translating
- [Exercise continues to outperform pharmacologic longevity strategies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/exercise-continues-to-outperform-pharmacologic-longevity-strategies/) - Exercise continues to outperform pharmacologic longevity strategies Exercise remains the most consistently validated intervention for improving both lifespan and healthspan, and the strength of that evidence continues to grow. Large population studies have shown that individuals who meet recommended activity levels have a 20% to 30% lower risk of all cause mortality compared to those
- [Metformin remains a leading candidate for pharmacologic longevity intervention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/metformin-remains-a-leading-candidate-for-pharmacologic-longevity-intervention/) - Metformin remains a leading candidate for pharmacologic longevity intervention Metformin continues to occupy a unique position in longevity medicine because of its long track record and well understood safety profile. Originally introduced as a first line therapy for type 2 diabetes, it has since been studied for its broader effects on aging related pathways. Much
- [GLP-1 receptor agonists move from weight loss into the longevity conversation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glp-1-receptor-agonists-move-from-weight-loss-into-the-longevity-conversation/) - GLP-1 receptor agonists move from weight loss into the longevity conversation GLP-1 receptor agonists are quickly shifting from niche metabolic drugs to something much broader in clinical conversation. What started as a treatment for type 2 diabetes is now firmly embedded in obesity care and increasingly discussed in the context of long term health and
- [Ambient artificial intelligence scribes reduce clinician documentation time by 16 minutes per encounter](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ambient-artificial-intelligence-scribes-reduce-clinician-documentation-time-by-16-minutes-per-encounter/) - Ambient artificial intelligence scribes reduce clinician documentation time by 16 minutes per encounter A large study published in JAMA in April 2026 provides strong evidence that ambient artificial intelligence scribes can reduce documentation burden in real clinical settings. The study was conducted across five academic medical centers and reflects real world implementation rather than a
- [Utah launches first in nation pilot for autonomous artificial intelligence prescription renewals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/utah-launches-first-in-nation-pilot-for-autonomous-artificial-intelligence-prescription-renewals/) - Utah launches first in nation pilot for autonomous artificial intelligence prescription renewals Utah has launched a 12 month pilot program that allows an artificial intelligence system to autonomously renew prescriptions for certain patients with stable chronic conditions. The initiative focuses on nearly 200 commonly used medications for diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. These are
- [PrescriberPoint AI agent automates prior authorization with 94.5% acceptance](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prescriberpoint-ai-agent-automates-prior-authorization-with-94-5-acceptance/) - PrescriberPoint artificial intelligence agent streamlines prior authorization workflow PrescriberPoint announced on April 21, 2026 that it is rolling out an artificial intelligence system designed to manage the prior authorization process from start to finish. The platform pulls information from the electronic health record and clinical documentation to generate responses to payer requests, which is where
- [2MM: AI Roundup – PrescriberPoint launches autonomous agent for prior authorization, Utah begins first in nation autonomous AI prescribing pilot, and JAMA study confirms ambient AI scribes return hours to the clinician work week](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-prescriberpoint-launches-autonomous-agent-for-prior-authorization-utah-begins-first-in-nation-autonomous-ai-prescribing-pilot-and-jama-study-confirms-ambient-ai-scribes-ret/) - PrescriberPoint artificial intelligence agent streamlines prior authorization workflow PrescriberPoint shared on April 21, 2026 that it is rolling out an artificial intelligence system designed to handle the prior authorization process from start to finish. The platform pulls directly from the electronic health record and clinical documentation to generate responses to payer requests, which is where
- [Global medicine supply chains face mounting pressure amid Strait of Hormuz disruptions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/global-medicine-supply-chains-face-mounting-pressure-amid-strait-of-hormuz-disruptions/) - 1. Shipping slowdowns in the Strait of Hormuz are disrupting the movement of key pharmaceutical ingredients and finished generic drugs. 2. Continued instability may lead to near term shortages and rising drug costs in the United States and other global markets. Ongoing escalations in the Strait of Hormuz have triggered a sharp drop in maritime
- [Small-bites fascial closure reduces long-term risk of incisional hernia after midline laparotomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/small-bites-fascial-closure-reduces-long-term-risk-of-incisional-hernia-after-midline-laparotomy/) - 1. The small-bites fascial closure technique reduced the long-term incidence of incisional hernias compared to the traditional large-bites technique after elective midline laparotomy. 2. Hernias in the small-bites group were smaller and progressed more slowly, although hernia repair rates were similar between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Incisional hernias are
- [Segment 4b/5 resection offers no survival advantage over wedge resection in gallbladder cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/segment-4b-5-resection-offers-no-survival-advantage-over-wedge-resection-in-gallbladder-cancer/) - 1. The more invasive segment 4b/5 resection did not improve overall or disease-free survival compared to wedge resection in gallbladder cancer. 2. Segment 4b/5 resection was associated with longer surgeries and more blood loss. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Gallbladder cancer is an aggressive malignancy in which radical cholecystectomy remains the primary treatment.
- [WHO launches 2026 global initiative to bridge the schizophrenia mortality gap](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/who-launches-2026-global-initiative-to-bridge-the-schizophrenia-mortality-gap/) - 1. The World Health Organization has launched a global initiative to reduce the 15-to-20-year mortality gap for individuals with schizophrenia by 2030. 2. This effort prioritizes the integration of mandatory cardiovascular and metabolic screenings into psychiatric care to treat preventable physical conditions. The World Health Organization and Psychiatric Times have brought renewed attention this April
- [Orforglipron (Foundayo) expands oral treatment options for weight management](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/orforglipron-foundayo-expands-oral-treatment-options-for-weight-management/) - 1. Orforglipron (Foundayo) introduces a new oral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that can be taken without food or timing restrictions. 2. Trial results show meaningful weight loss, offering a more flexible alternative to injectable therapies. The FDA has approved orforglipron (Foundayo), and it is already getting attention for how simple it is to use.
- [Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists show potential in reducing substance use disorders](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-show-potential-in-reducing-substance-use-disorders/) - 1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are associated with a lower risk of developing new substance use disorders. 2. These medications may be influencing brain reward pathways, opening the door to new approaches in addiction research. A large cohort study of more than 600,000 U.S. veterans is starting to shift how people think about glucagon-like
- [Sparsentan (Filspari) becomes first approved treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sparsentan-filspari-becomes-first-approved-treatment-for-focal-segmental-glomerulosclerosis/) - 1. Sparsentan (Filspari) becomes the first approved treatment specifically for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. 2. Clinical trial data show meaningful reductions in proteinuria, a key marker of disease progression. The FDA granted full approval to sparsentan (Filspari) on April 13, 2026, for the reduction of proteinuria in adult and pediatric patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. For
- [New targeted therapy daraxonrasib improves survival in pancreatic cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/new-targeted-therapy-daraxonrasib-improves-survival-in-pancreatic-cancer/) - 1. Daraxonrasib significantly improves survival in metastatic pancreatic cancer compared with standard chemotherapy. 2. Strong response rates in combination therapy suggest broader potential across treatment settings. Revolution Medicines announced positive topline results from the Phase 3 RASolute 302 trial on April 13, 2026, showing that daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer.
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Geopolitical instability in the Strait of Hormuz threatens global generic drug supply, daraxonrasib improves pancreatic cancer survival, sparsentan (Filspari) approved for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, glucagon-like peptide-1  receptor agonists linked to reduced substance use disorders, and orforglipron (Foundayo) expands oral weight loss therapy options](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-geopolitical-instability-in-the-strait-of-hormuz-threatens-global-generic-drug-supply-daraxonrasib-improves-pancreatic-cancer-survival-sparsentan-filspar/) - Geopolitical instability in the Strait of Hormuz threatens global generic drug supply Ongoing escalations in the Strait of Hormuz have triggered a sharp drop in maritime shipping through the region, putting pressure on the global pharmaceutical supply chain. While the corridor is best known as a petroleum chokepoint, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) warned on
- [The American Lung Association issues respiratory warning over viral "mouth taping" fad](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-american-lung-association-issues-respiratory-warning-over-viral-mouth-taping-fad/) - 1. The American Lung Association has issued an urgent alert regarding “mouth taping,” warning that the practice poses severe asphyxiation risks for certain users. 2. Clinical reviews indicate that mouth taping offers modest benefits for a small subset of snorers but provides no significant relief for obstructive sleep apnea. The American Lung Association (ALA) has
- [Jennifer Aniston’s "Strength for 50+" ritual spotlights red light therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/jennifer-anistons-strength-for-50-ritual-spotlights-red-light-therapy/) - 1. Jennifer Aniston’s public endorsement of infrared saunas and red light therapy is transitioning these biohacking tools into mainstream wellness staples for longevity. 2. Evidence suggests that red light therapy stimulates mitochondrial function, which may lead to improved collagen production and reduced systemic inflammation. Jennifer Aniston has reignited a national conversation on biohacking for longevity
- [TikTok "Fibermaxxing" trend targets gut microbiome health](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tiktok-fibermaxxing-trend-targets-gut-microbiome-health/) - 1. The viral "Fibermaxxing" trend prioritizes high-volume whole-food fiber intake to optimize gut microbiome diversity and improve metabolic satiety. 2. Clinical experts caution that while fiber is a critical nutrient, rapid increases in intake must be managed gradually to avoid significant gastrointestinal discomfort. A new viral nutrition movement known as "Fibermaxxing" has taken center stage
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: TikTok "Fibermaxxing" trend targets gut microbiome diversity, Jennifer Aniston’s "Strength for 50+" ritual spotlights photobiomodulation, American Lung Association issues respiratory warning over viral "mouth taping" fad, and Psychiatric Times highlights initiative to close the schizophrenia mortality gap](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-tiktok-fibermaxxing-trend-targets-gut-microbiome-diversity-jennifer-anistons-strength-for-50-ritual-spotlights-photobiomodulation-american-lung/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pharmaceutical and biotech newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. TikTok "Fibermaxxing" trend shifts focus toward microbiome diversity and satiety A viral nutrition trend known as "Fibermaxxing" has exploded across social media this April, encouraging users to significantly exceed standard daily fiber recommendations. Moving
- [Pelvic floor muscle training may reduce postpartum stress urinary incontinence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pelvic-floor-muscle-training-may-reduce-postpartum-stress-urinary-incontinence/) - 1. Pelvic floor workout reduced the incidence of stress urinary incontinence at 6 weeks postpartum. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is defined as involuntary leakage of urine during increased abdominal pressure, which adversely affects women’s quality of life. Although pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is recommended as the first-line
- [Physical therapy yields modest improvements in chronic low back pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/physical-therapy-yields-modest-improvements-in-chronic-low-back-pain/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, physical therapy (PT) was associated with a modest improvement in function compared with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a first-line treatment for chronic low back pain (cLBP). 2. Patients treated with PT reported greater improvements in anxiety, fatigue, pain interference, physical function, sleep disturbance, and social role performance. Evidence
- [Proximal hypoglossal nerve stimulation found effective for obstructive sleep apnea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/proximal-hypoglossal-nerve-stimulation-found-effective-for-obstructive-sleep-apnea/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, proximal hypoglossal nerve stimulation (pHGNS) was effective in improving obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults who had previously not responded to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. 2. No serious adverse events were associated with the pHGNS device or implantation, and most treatment-related adverse events were mild or non-serious in
- [Tenecteplase (TNKase) may worsen functional outcomes in older patients with minor ischemic stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tenecteplase-tnkase-may-worsen-functional-outcomes-in-older-patients-with-minor-ischemic-stroke/) - 1. Tenecteplase (TNKase) improved early recanalization and short-term neurologic recovery, but in patients older than 80 years with minor ischemic stroke, it did not improve and may worsen 90-day functional outcomes. 2. In this older subgroup, tenecteplase was associated with more serious adverse events, especially hemorrhagic complications and stroke progression or recurrence, supporting standard care
- [Several serum proteins may provide prognostic value in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/several-serum-proteins-may-provide-prognostic-value-in-metabolic-dysfunction-associated-steatotic-liver-disease/) - 1. Distinct circulating and hepatic molecular signatures appear to track metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression. 2. Serum proteins showed concordant liver transcriptomic changes in steatohepatitis and fibrosis-related markers such as gelsolin and lumican remained consistent across multiple cohorts, supporting their potential as noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This multi-cohort
- [Increased childhood intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with a higher body mass index in young adulthood](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-childhood-intake-of-ultra-processed-foods-is-associated-with-a-higher-body-mass-index-in-young-adulthood/) - 1. Greater childhood intake of ultra-processed foods was associated with higher body mass index in young adulthood. 2. The association was most evident in children with the highest genetic susceptibility to elevated body mass index. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In this 17-year prospective cohort study from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children,
- [Increasing the volume of pericapsular nerve block may not improve postoperative pain control after total hip arthroplasty](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increasing-the-volume-of-pericapsular-nerve-block-may-not-improve-postoperative-pain-control-after-total-hip-arthroplasty/) - 1. Higher-volume pericapsular nerve group block did not provide better postoperative analgesia than the conventional-volume block after primary total hip arthroplasty. 2. Increasing the block volume also did not clearly worsen quadriceps weakness or improve opioid use, ambulation, or length of stay. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) In this single-center randomized controlled trial, investigators evaluated
- [Transcranial ultrasound stimulation may modulate acute heat pain perception](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/transcranial-ultrasound-stimulation-may-modulate-acute-heat-pain-perception/) - 1. Primary somatosensory cortex stimulation lowered heat pain threshold and heat pain tolerance in the contralateral hand. 2. Both primary somatosensory cortex and ventral posterolateral thalamic stimulation reduced warm detection thresholds bilaterally. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In this double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject experimental study, investigators examined whether transcranial ultrasound stimulation can modulate acute pain perception
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 20, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-20-2026/) - Outcomes After Minor Ischemic Stroke in Older Patients Treated With IV Thrombolysis vs Standard of Care in the TEMPO-2 Trial 1. Tenecteplase improved early recanalization and short-term neurologic recovery, but in patients older than 80 years with minor ischemic stroke, it did not improve and may worsen 90-day functional outcomes. 2. In this older subgroup,
- [Asundexian may reduce recurrent ischemic stroke without increased bleeding risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/asundexian-may-reduce-recurrent-ischemic-stroke-without-increased-bleeding-risk/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial involving patients with recent noncardioembolic ischemic cerebrovascular accident, asundexian in combination with antiplatelet therapy reduced recurrent ischemic stroke compared to antiplatelet therapy alone. 2. There was no significant difference in major bleeding between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Recurrent ischemic stroke remains a major
- [Large language models (LLMs) performed poorly in navigating early clinical diagnostic uncertainty](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/large-language-models-llms-performed-poorly-in-navigating-early-clinical-diagnostic-uncertainty/) - 1. Rao and colleagues evaluated the clinical reasoning performance of 21 off-the-shelf LLMs across 29 standardized clinical vignettes. 2. While the LLMs achieved high accuracy on final diagnoses, they performed poorly in generating differential diagnoses and managing young adult patients. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: LLMs are being marketed for patient-facing clinical use,
- [Adjunctive prednisolone does not reduce coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adjunctive-prednisolone-does-not-reduce-coronary-artery-lesions-in-kawasaki-disease/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial involving children with newly diagnosed Kawasaki disease, adjunctive prednisolone did not reduce the incidence of coronary artery lesions compared with standard therapy alone at one month. 2. Prednisolone was associated with reduced rescue therapy use, shortened fever duration, and lowered C-reactive protein levels. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [Shorter antibiotic courses non-inferior for inpatient community-acquired pneumonia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/shorter-antibiotic-courses-non-inferior-for-inpatient-community-acquired-pneumonia/) - 1. In this target trial emulation, a shorter antibiotic course (3 to 4 days) demonstrated a similar 30-day all-cause mortality rate compared with a longer course (5 days or more) in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 2. The generalizability of these findings is limited due to the strict exclusion criteria used in the study.
- [Transcranial magnetic stimulation may reduce combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-may-reduce-combat-related-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-symptoms/) - 1. In adult patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) undergoing residential treatment (RT), those receiving active transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) had significantly reduced PTSD symptoms compared to those receiving sham TMS. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) PTSD is a debilitating disorder that, in principle, is best treated with RT, an inpatient, long-term program of
- [High-flow nasal oxygen therapy may not be superior to standard oxygen therapy after cardiac surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/high-flow-nasal-oxygen-therapy-may-not-be-superior-to-standard-oxygen-therapy-after-cardiac-surgery/) - 1. Routine high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT) following extubation did not improve outcomes compared to standard oxygen therapy (SOT) in patients with an elevated risk of pulmonary complications undergoing cardiac surgery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Pulmonary complications are common after cardiac surgery, particularly in high-risk groups such as smokers and those with preexisting lung
- [Simvastatin (Zocor) in combination with paclitaxel (Taxol) may provide treatment benefit compared to paclitaxel alone for small cell lung cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/simvastatin-zocor-in-combination-with-paclitaxel-taxol-may-provide-treatment-benefit-compared-to-paclitaxel-alone-for-small-cell-lung-cancer/) - 1. Simvastatin (Zocor) in combination with paclitaxel (Taxol) is well tolerated and associated with significantly reduced disease progression compared to paclitaxel alone as a second-line treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Standard first-line treatment for SCLC demonstrates a high objective response rate (ORR). However, most patients relapse within 6
- [Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may reduce the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain after thoracoscopic surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/repetitive-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-may-reduce-the-incidence-of-chronic-postsurgical-pain-after-thoracoscopic-surgery/) - 1. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) delivered postoperatively significantly reduced the development of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in adult patients following thoracoscopic surgery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) CPSP, defined as pain persisting for more than three months after surgery and is localized to the surgical site or adjacent
- [Renal point-of-care ultrasound may be effective at identifying patients with nephrolithiasis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/renal-point-of-care-ultrasound-may-be-effective-at-identifying-patients-with-nephrolithiasis/) - 1. Renal point-of-care ultrasound (rPOCUS) findings of hydronephrosis in adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected renal colic were significantly associated with the presence of nephrolithiasis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Computed tomography (CT) is the best imaging modality for identifying nephrolithiasis. However, it exposes patients to radiation, leads to increased ED
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 13, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-13-2026/) - Residential Therapy With Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Combat-Related PTSD 1. In adult patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) undergoing residential treatment (RT), those receiving active transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) had significantly reduced PTSD symptoms compared to those receiving sham TMS. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) PTSD is a debilitating disorder that, in principle,
- [Pfizer’s Talzenna combo significantly delays prostate cancer progression](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pfizers-talzenna-combo-significantly-delays-prostate-cancer-progression/) - 1. The combination of talazoparib and enzalutamide demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in radiographic progression-free survival for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. 2. These results from the TALAPRO-3 trial suggest that PARP inhibitors provide substantial clinical benefit when introduced earlier in the disease course for HRR-mutated patients. A potential shift in the management of metastatic hormone-sensitive
- [Apixaban (eliquis) outperforms Rivaroxaban (xarelto) in venous thromboembolism bleeding risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/apixaban-outperforms-rivaroxaban-in-venous-thromboembolism-bleeding-risk/) - 1. In the randomized COBRRA trial, apixaban was associated with substantially less clinically relevant bleeding than rivaroxaban in patients with acute venous thromboembolism. 2. The lower bleeding risk did not come at the cost of efficacy, as recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates were nearly identical between treatment groups. A major comparative anticoagulation study has now
- [Intensive multifaceted management may improve blood pressure control among low-income patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intensive-multifaceted-management-may-improve-blood-pressure-control-among-low-income-patients/) - 1. In this cluster-randomized trial (IMPACTS-BP), patients with longstanding uncontrolled hypertension who underwent multimodal intervention had significantly greater decreases in systolic blood pressure compared to those who received usual care. 2. Patients receiving team-based care also demonstrated greater medication adherence compared to those receiving standard care. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Uncontrolled hypertension
- [Mezagitimab appears safe and potentially effective for persistent immune thrombocytopenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mezagitimab-appears-safe-and-potentially-effective-for-persistent-immune-thrombocytopenia/) - 1. In this phase 2 randomized controlled trial, weekly subcutaneous mezagitimab was well-tolerated and associated with symptomatic improvement among patients with chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia. 2. Mezagitimab was also associated with greater platelet response than placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoantibody-mediated disease leading to low platelet counts
- [Next-generation yellow fever vaccine shows comparable efficacy to standard vaccine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/next-generation-yellow-fever-vaccine-shows-comparable-efficacy-to-standard-vaccine/) - 1. A next-generation live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (vYF) demonstrated noninferior immunogenicity compared to the standard vaccine, with nearly universal seroconversion by one month after vaccination. 2. Safety profiles were similar between groups, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events observed over one year of follow-up. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Yellow fever remains a
- [Atezolizumab may improve disease-free survival in mismatch repair deficiency locally advanced colon cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/atezolizumab-may-improve-disease-free-survival-in-mismatch-repair-deficiency-locally-advanced-colon-cancer/) - 1. In patients with resected stage III mismatch repair-deficient colon cancer, adjuvant atezolizumab plus standard chemotherapy improved disease-free survival compared to chemotherapy alone. 2. The combination regimen was associated with higher rates of adverse events, though these were consistent with known toxicity profiles. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Colorectal cancer remains a leading
- [The risk of thiazide-associated hyponatremia may be greatest in older women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-risk-of-thiazide-associated-hyponatremia-may-be-greatest-in-older-women/) - 1. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia is highly age and sex-dependent, with the greatest excess risk seen in older adults, especially women aged 80 years or older. 2. In younger adults, the excess absolute risk appears small, whereas in older women, the risk is large enough to justify considering alternative antihypertensives and closer sodium monitoring after initiation. 3.
- [Drying prior to plastic wrapping may not provide thermoregulatory benefits in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/drying-prior-to-plastic-wrapping-may-not-provide-thermoregulatory-benefits-in-infants-admitted-to-the-neonatal-intensive-care-unit/) - 1. Drying before plastic wrapping did not benefit very preterm infants in maintaining normothermia at admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hypothermia at birth is linked with adverse neonatal outcomes. Despite the existence of interventions to prevent thermal loss at birth in very preterm infants, the incidence of hypothermia
- [Maternal smoking is associated with increased risk of sudden unexpected infant death](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maternal-smoking-is-associated-with-increased-risk-of-sudden-unexpected-infant-death/) - 1. Maternal smoking behaviour increased the risk of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death, with the highest risk among those who continuously smoked during pregnancy. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) involves sleep-related deaths during infancy that are due to sudden infant death syndrome, accidental suffocation or strangulation in bed, and other unknown
- [A telemedicine intervention may be non-inferior to standard care for rotator cuff syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-telemedicine-intervention-may-be-non-inferior-to-standard-care-for-rotator-cuff-syndrome/) - 1. Telemedicine was non-inferior to conventional care in reducing pain and improving function for patients with RCS. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Exercise programs can effectively reduce pain and improve shoulder function in Rotator Cuff Syndrome (RCS). Telemedicine involving asynchronous exercise video and remote physician follow-up can provide advantages in accessibility and cost-effectiveness and has
- [Statins do not increase breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/statins-do-not-increase-breast-cancer-risk-in-postmenopausal-women/) - 1. Statin use did not increase the risk of developing breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) While statins are commonly used lipid-lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, they may also play a role in preventing breast cancer, although the evidence is conflicting. This study thus investigated statin use and
- [Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide CN-105 may be safe and feasible for delirium prevention in older surgical patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/apolipoprotein-e-mimetic-peptide-cn-105-may-be-safe-and-feasible-for-delirium-prevention-in-older-surgical-patients/) - 1. Apolipoprotein E Mimetic Peptide CN-105 was found to be safe and feasible among older patients with noncardiac or nonintracranial surgery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε4 allele is linked with neuroinflammation and is a potential risk factor for postoperative delirium. ApoE and apoE mimetic peptides, such as CN-105 may reduce
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 6, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-6-2026/) - Drying Very Preterm Infants Before Plastic Wrapping at Birth: A Randomized Clinical Trial 1. Drying before plastic wrapping did not benefit very preterm infants in maintaining normothermia at admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hypothermia at birth is linked with adverse neonatal outcomes. Despite the existence of interventions to
- [Emergency department screening tool predicts firearm violence risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/emergency-department-screening-tool-predicts-firearm-violence-risk/) - 1. In this prospective longitudinal study, the SaFETy score effectively predicted firearm violence risk among young adults presenting to the emergency department. 2. A SaFTEy cutoff above 0 optimized sensitivity (83.1%) while maintaining moderate specificity (62.4%). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Emergency department (ED) visits represent a key opportunity for interpersonal firearm violence
- [Early surgical valve replacement offers survival benefit in asymptomatic, very severe aortic stenosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-surgical-valve-replacement-offers-survival-benefit-in-asymptomatic-very-severe-aortic-stenosis/) - 1. This randomized controlled trial involving subjects with asymptomatic, very severe aortic stenosis demonstrated that over a ten-year period, early surgical valve replacement reduced the risk of operative mortality and cardiovascular death as compared to conservative care. 2. Early surgical valve replacement was also associated with lower all-cause mortality and fewer heart-failure hospitalizations than conservative
- [Prednisone may have bone and cardiovascular benefits compared to hydrocortisone therapy in adrenal insufficiency](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prednisone-may-have-bone-and-cardiovascular-benefits-compared-to-hydrocortisone-therapy-in-adrenal-insufficiency/) - 1. Prednisolone therapy is well tolerated, may have better bone and cardiovascular outcomes compared to hydrocortisone, and poses lower medication burden compared to hydrocortisone therapy in adult patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Glucocorticoid replacement is an essential, lifesaving treatment of AI. Current standard management is 3 doses of
- [Zorevunersen appears safe and may alleviate symptoms in children with Dravet syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/zorevunersen-appears-safe-and-may-alleviate-symptoms-in-children-with-dravet-syndrome/) - 1. In this phase 1/2a trial involving patients with Dravet syndrome who received intrathecal zorevunersen, treatment-related adverse events occurred in nearly half of patients but were generally mild to moderate in severity. 2. Zorevunersen was associated with reduced seizure frequency and improvements in quality of life and overall clinical status. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
- [One Big Beautiful Bill could impact half of Medicaid beneficiaries](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/one-big-beautiful-bill-could-impact-half-of-medicaid-beneficiaries/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, about half of Medicaid beneficiaries would lose coverage if work requirements in the One Big Beautiful Bill were applied nationwide. 2. Beneficiaries at risk of disenrollment were more likely to have low incomes, greater physical and neurological impairments, and difficulties with independent living. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown:
- [Fluvoxamine improves fatigue and quality of life in long COVID](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fluvoxamine-improves-fatigue-and-quality-of-life-in-long-covid/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, fluvoxamine reduced fatigue, improved quality of life, and increased recovery frequency in adults with long COVID. 2. Metformin showed no significant effect on fatigue, provided only a modest short-term improvement in quality of life, and did not increase recovery frequency. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Over half
- [A multidisciplinary home-based intervention may reduce risk of falls after stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-multidisciplinary-home-based-intervention-may-reduce-risk-of-falls-after-stroke/) - 1. The tailored, multidisciplinary home‑based program significantly reduced the rate of falls after stroke by about one‑third, while also improving mobility, balance, self‑efficacy, and community participation. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) People recovering from stroke experience falls at more than twice the rate of the general older population, often with serious and repeated consequences for
- [Atopic dermatitis activity is not associated with cardiovascular risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/atopic-dermatitis-activity-is-not-associated-with-cardiovascular-risk/) - 1. In this cohort study, more active or severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in children was not associated with a greater cardiovascular risk. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Still, existing research has been inconsistent and often limited by cross‑sectional
- [Placental abruption during pregnancy is not associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/placental-abruption-during-pregnancy-is-not-associated-with-increased-risk-of-cardiovascular-mortality-in-children/) - 1. In this cohort of singleton offspring, placental abruption during pregnancy was associated with significantly increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular events from infancy onward. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading global cause of death, and concerningly, early‑onset CVD is rising among children, adolescents, and young adults. Placental
- [Bottom-vented bottles may not reduce gastrointestinal discomfort in infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/bottom-vented-bottles-may-not-reduce-gastrointestinal-discomfort-in-infants/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, bottom‑vented bottles did not reduce mild gastrointestinal discomfort overall in infants aged 0–90 days. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Bottle feeding infants in the first 6 months has become more common, with over 60% reported, which may be due to low lactation, infection, or a busy work schedule. Bottle
- [Ketorolac administration after cesarean delivery may reduce postoperative opioid use](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ketorolac-administration-after-cesarean-delivery-may-reduce-postoperative-opioid-use/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, a 60‑mg IV ketorolac loading dose after cesarean delivery modestly reduced postoperative opioid use and delayed the need for first opioid administration compared with a 30‑mg dose. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Cesarean delivery accounts for nearly one‑third of births in the United States, making effective postoperative pain control
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 30, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-30-2026/) - Home based, tailored intervention to reduce rate of falls after stroke (FAST): randomised trial 1. The tailored, multidisciplinary home‑based program significantly reduced the rate of falls after stroke by about one‑third, while also improving mobility, balance, self‑efficacy, and community participation. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) People recovering from stroke experience falls at more than twice
- [Mesenteric approach reduces tumor cell spillage without improving survival in pancreatoduodenectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mesenteric-approach-reduces-tumor-cell-spillage-without-improving-survival-in-pancreatoduodenectomy/) - 1. The mesenteric approach to pancreatoduodenectomy did not improve overall survival compared to the conventional Kocher-first approach in patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 2. Despite showing no survival benefit, the mesenteric approach significantly reduced circulating tumor cell DNA in portal venous blood. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The conventional
- [NVIDIA GTC 2026 unveils Isaac GR00T foundation model for surgical robotics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nvidia-gtc-2026-unveils-isaac-gr00t-foundation-model-for-surgical-robotics/) - 1. NVIDIA introduced the Isaac GR00T foundation model to enable adaptive and autonomous robotic systems in surgical and industrial environments. 2. The platform uses simulation-based learning and multimodal inputs to improve precision, consistency, and real-time decision-making in complex procedures. At the NVIDIA GTC 2026 conference, the company introduced the Isaac GR00T N model, a foundation
- [Brown University study warns of systemic ethical risks in artificial intelligence therapy chatbots](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/brown-university-study-warns-of-systemic-ethical-risks-in-artificial-intelligence-therapy-chatbots/) - 1. A study from Brown University identified multiple ethical risks in artificial intelligence therapy chatbots, including deceptive empathy and biased responses. 2. These findings highlight the need for stronger regulatory oversight as artificial intelligence tools become more integrated into mental healthcare delivery. A recent study from Brown University has raised significant concerns about the ethical
- [Amazon Health Services expands generative artificial intelligence assistant to all United States customers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/amazon-health-services-expands-generative-artificial-intelligence-assistant-to-all-united-states-customers/) - 1. Amazon has expanded its generative artificial intelligence assistant to all United States users, enabling integration with electronic health information for personalized guidance. 2. The platform uses a multi-agent architecture to improve safety and accuracy while supporting medication management and patient engagement. Amazon has expanded its Health artificial intelligence assistant to all users across the
- [Roche and NVIDIA deploy the pharmaceutical industry's largest artificial intelligence factory](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/roche-and-nvidia-deploy-the-pharmaceutical-industrys-largest-artificial-intelligence-factory/) - 1. Roche has launched one of the largest artificial intelligence infrastructures in the pharmaceutical industry, powered by over 3,500 NVIDIA Blackwell graphics processing units. 2. The platform integrates real-world experimental data into model training through a “Lab-in-the-Loop” approach to accelerate drug discovery and development. The pharmaceutical industry is entering a new computational era with Roche’s
- [2MM: AI Roundup – Roche and NVIDIA’s AI drug discovery factory and surgical robotics foundation model, Amazon’s nationwide health AI expansion, and Brown’s AI therapy ethics warning [March 2026]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-roche-and-nvidias-ai-drug-discovery-factory-and-surgical-robotics-foundation-model-amazons-nationwide-health-ai-expansion-and-browns-ai-therapy-e/) - Roche and NVIDIA deploy the pharmaceutical industry's largest AI factory A major leap in computational drug development has emerged with Roche’s launch of its global AI factory, powered by more than 3,500 NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs. This hybrid-cloud system integrates artificial intelligence across both early-stage drug discovery and downstream manufacturing pipelines. By leveraging NVIDIA’s healthcare AI
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Pfizer’s Talzenna delays prostate cancer progression, apixaban lowers VTE bleeding risk, Lilly’s retatrutide hits Phase III metabolic targets, and FDA warns Novo Nordisk over safety reporting violations [March 2026]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-pfizers-talzenna-delays-prostate-cancer-progression-apixaban-lowers-vte-bleeding-risk-lillys-retatrutide-hits-phase-iii-metabolic-target/) - Pfizer’s Talzenna combo significantly delays progression in frontline prostate cancer Topline results from the Phase 3 TALAPRO-3 study indicate that combining the PARP inhibitor talazoparib (Talzenna) with enzalutamide (Xtandi) significantly improves outcomes in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). The trial focused on patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene mutations, a subgroup increasingly recognized as
- [FDA warns Novo Nordisk over safety reporting violations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-warns-novo-nordisk-over-safety-reporting-violations/) - 1. The FDA issued a warning letter to Novo Nordisk citing failures in required postmarketing adverse event reporting. 2. These lapses may hinder timely safety surveillance for widely used medications, including GLP-1 receptor agonists. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued a formal warning letter to Novo Nordisk after identifying deficiencies in the company’s
- [Lilly’s retatrutide achieves significant weight loss and A1C reduction in Phase 3 trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lillys-retatrutide-achieves-significant-weight-loss-and-a1c-reduction-in-phase-3-trial/) - 1. Retatrutide met all major Phase 3 endpoints, delivering substantial reductions in both A1C and body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes. 2. The triple-agonist mechanism targeting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors may represent the next evolution in metabolic therapy. Eli Lilly has reported positive topline results from its Phase 3 TRANSCEND-T2D-1 trial evaluating
- [Investigation into "Mommy Makeover" chains prompts national consumer alert](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/investigation-into-mommy-makeover-chains-prompts-national-consumer-alert/) - 1. A joint investigation into cosmetic surgery chains has uncovered disfiguring injuries and deaths, prompting an urgent warning from plastic surgeons. 2. High-pressure sales tactics and misleading ads from private equity-backed clinics have created a "buyer beware" market for high-risk elective procedures. A high-stakes joint investigation by KFF Health News and NBC News, titled "The
- [Landmark ACSM/McMaster guidelines simplify resistance training for longevity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/landmark-acsm-mcmaster-guidelines-simplify-resistance-training-for-longevity/) - 1. The 2026 ACSM guidelines move away from complex exercise prescriptions, emphasizing that any amount of resistance training significantly improves health. 2. Evidence from 30,000 participants suggests that training all major muscle groups twice weekly is the primary driver for hypertrophy and functional strength. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) published its first major
- [NVIDIA GTC 2026 turns healthcare AI into a pop-culture phenomenon](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nvidia-gtc-2026-turns-healthcare-ai-into-a-pop-culture-phenomenon/) - 1. Jensen Huang’s GTC 2026 keynote has redefined health care artificial intelligence as essential infrastructure, moving the technology from the fringe into the clinical mainstream. 2. The debut of OpenClaw provides a standardized agentic framework that positions artificial intelligence as the "new electricity" for future hospital operations and diagnostics. NVIDIA’s GTC 2026 conference, led by
- [Susie Wiles' breast cancer diagnosis drives national screening surge](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/susie-wiles-breast-cancer-diagnosis-drives-national-screening-surge/) - 1. White House Chief of Staff Susie Wiles’ public breast cancer diagnosis is projected to drive a significant short-term increase in national screening rates. 2. Early-stage detection in patients over 65, like Wiles, yields 5-year survival rates exceeding 90%, highlighting the efficacy of annual mammography. White House Chief of Staff Susie Wiles publicly confirmed her
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®:  Susie Wiles breast cancer diagnosis drives national screening surge, Jensen Huang’s GTC keynote turns healthcare AI into a pop-culture phenomenon, landmark ACSM guidelines simplify resistance training for longevity, and consumer alert issued for high-pressure cosmetic surgery chains](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-susie-wiles-breast-cancer-diagnosis-drives-national-screening-surge-jensen-huangs-gtc-keynote-turns-healthcare-ai-into-a-pop-culture-phenomenon-landmar/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Susie Wiles' breast cancer diagnosis drives national screening awareness White House Chief of Staff Susie Wiles announced on March 15, 2026, that she has been diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer, creditng timely detection for her
- [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not improve disease-free survival in patients with locally advanced colon cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neocol-trial-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-does-not-improve-disease-free-survival-in-patients-with-locally-advanced-colon-cancer/) - 1. Neoadjuvant capecitabine-oxaliplatin chemotherapy did not improve three-year disease-free survival compared to upfront surgery in locally advanced colon cancer. 2. An exploratory subgroup analysis revealed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy may reduce overall survival in patients with deficient mismatch repair tumors. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Two prior randomized controlled trials demonstrated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- [Finerenone improves albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/finerenone-improves-albuminuria-in-adults-with-type-1-diabetes-and-chronic-kidney-disease/) - 1. In this phase 3 trial involving patients with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, finerenone was associated with significantly greater decreases in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio as compared to placebo. 2. Finerenone had an overall favorable safety profile but was associated with higher rates of hyperkalemia than placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [Functional recovery after delivery is achieved by most women with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/functional-recovery-after-delivery-is-achieved-by-most-women-with-pregnancy-related-pelvic-girdle-pain/) - 1. Most women with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain regained meaningful function by 4 months after delivery, and this improvement was largely maintained at 3 years. 2. A greater number of positive pelvic provocation tests at 4 months after delivery predicted persistent pelvic girdle pain at 3 years and may help identify patients who need closer
- [Maternal prothrombin time may be an effective marker for neonatal sepsis risk stratification](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maternal-prothrombin-time-may-be-an-effective-marker-for-neonatal-sepsis-risk-stratification/) - 1. Maternal prothrombin time measured at delivery was the only independent maternal laboratory predictor of neonatal sepsis in this cohort. 2. A maternal prothrombin time cutoff of 10.25 seconds showed high sensitivity and moderate specificity, suggesting possible utility as a screening adjunct at birth. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This retrospective single-center case–control study evaluated
- [Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors may be associated with an increased incidence of malignancy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dipeptidyl-peptidase-4-inhibitors-may-be-associated-with-an-increased-incidence-of-malignancy/) - 1. Sitagliptin demonstrated the most prominent malignancy-related safety signal among the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors studied. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are widely used for type 2 diabetes because they have a low risk of severe hypoglycemia and are weight neutral, but their relationship with malignancy remains uncertain. This study used the FDA
- [Delaying pegfilgrastim administration reduces bone pain in breast cancer patients ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/delaying-pegfilgrastim-administration-reduces-bone-pain-in-breast-cancer-patients/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, administering pegfilgrastim 72 hours after chemotherapy reduced bone pain compared with 24- or 48-hour dosing in women with stage I–III breast cancer. 2. Patients in the 72-hour group were less likely to experience bone pain, required rescue analgesics less frequently, and maintained quality of life (QoL) throughout treatment. Evidence
- [Dietary changes and pharmacologic interventions may prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dietary-changes-and-pharmacologic-interventions-may-prevent-recurrent-nephrolithiasis/) - 1. In this systematic review, low-strength evidence suggests that increased fluid intake, dietary modification (normal-to-high calcium, low protein, low sodium), and pharmacologic therapies (thiazides, alkali therapy, allopurinol, and acetohydroxamic acid) may reduce kidney stone recurrence in adults. 2. The overall strength of evidence is limited, as most included studies had moderate-to-high risk of bias. Evidence
- [Early control of systolic blood pressure following intracerebral hemorrhage may improve functional recovery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-control-of-systolic-blood-pressure-following-intracerebral-hemorrhage-may-improve-functional-recovery/) - 1. Maintaining systolic blood pressure in a lower, stable range during the first 24 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage was associated with the best 90-day functional outcomes. 2. Patients with persistently severe hypertension had the highest risk of poor outcome, supporting a tailored rather than uniformly aggressive blood pressure strategy. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This
- [Increased local anesthesia volume may not improve pain control in popliteal plexus block following total knee arthroplasty](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-local-anesthesia-volume-may-not-improve-pain-control-in-popliteal-plexus-block-following-total-knee-arthroplasty/) - For popliteal plexus block after total knee arthroplasty, 10 mL of local anesthetic appears sufficient, as 20 mL offers no added benefit in pain control or early functional recovery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) In this single-center, blinded randomized controlled trial, investigators evaluated whether a larger volume of local anesthetic improves outcomes for popliteal plexus
- [Apixaban reduces bleeding risk versus rivaroxaban in acute venous thromboembolism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/apixaban-reduces-bleeding-risk-versus-rivaroxaban-in-acute-venous-thromboembolism/) - 1. In a randomized controlled trial of patients with acute venous thromboembolism, apixaban was associated with a substantially lower risk of clinically relevant bleeding compared with rivaroxaban. 2. Rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and death were similar between groups, suggesting comparable efficacy despite differences in safety. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Venous thromboembolism
- [Two plasma-based biomarkers may accurately predict positive CT head scans in traumatic brain injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/two-plasma-based-biomarkers-may-accurately-predict-positive-ct-head-scans-in-traumatic-brain-injury/) - 1. A plasma cartridge measuring Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) has the potential to reduce computed tomography (CT) head use and streamline clinical decision making in the emergency department in acute mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) CT is the preferred imaging modality in the ED
- [Pyrotinib provides survival benefit in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer when combined with trastuzumab and docetaxel](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pyrotinib-provides-survival-benefit-in-human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-positive-metastatic-breast-cancer-when-combined-with-trastuzumab-and-docetaxel/) - 1. Pyrotinib combined with trastuzumab and docetaxel prolonged progression-free survival compared to placebo combined with trastuzumab and docetaxel in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive metastatic breast cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive subtype of breast cancer involves rapid disease progression
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 23, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-23-2026/) - Factors associated with return to meaningful activities following physiotherapy for pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy: 3-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial 1. Most women with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain regained meaningful function by 4 months after delivery, and this improvement was largely maintained at 3 years. 2. A greater number of positive pelvic provocation
- [Smallpox therapy tecovirimat not efficacious in treating clade II mpox  ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/smallpox-therapy-tecovirimat-not-efficacious-in-treating-clade-ii-mpox/) - 1. In this phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, an antiviral medication approved for treating smallpox (tecovirimat) did not accelerate clinical resolution of mpox compared to placebo. 2. Tecovirimat also did not reduce pain levels or lead to increased viral DNA clearance compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: In recent years, multiple
- [Neoadjuvant therapy regimen improves outcomes in high-risk intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neoadjuvant-therapy-regimen-improves-outcomes-in-high-risk-intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/) - 1. In a randomized phase 2–3 trial of patients with resectable high-risk intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, neoadjuvant therapy with gemcitabine–oxaliplatin, lenvatinib, and an anti programmed death-1 antibody prior to curative resection significantly prolonged event-free survival compared with surgery alone. 2. The regimen demonstrated manageable toxicity and did not compromise surgical feasibility, with most adverse events being low-grade
- [New guidelines limit hypertension treatment in adults over 65](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/new-guidelines-limit-hypertension-treatment-in-adults-over-65/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, 11.4% of adults aged 65 years or older with untreated stage 1 hypertension, predominantly women with moderate cardiovascular risk, would no longer be eligible for pharmacotherapy under the new risk-based hypertension guidelines. 2. The majority of older adults already receiving antihypertensive therapy would remain eligible under the updated guidelines. Evidence
- [Millions of Americans became first-time gun owners post-pandemic](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/millions-of-americans-became-first-time-gun-owners-post-pandemic/) - 1. This national survey estimated that 29.8 million U.S. adults acquired firearms between 2021 and 2024, including 11.2 million individuals who became first-time gun owners. 2. Approximately 70% of new gun owners introduced firearms into households that previously did not contain them. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: Firearm purchasing in the United States
- [Psilocybin in combination with cognitive behavioural therapy may improve smoking abstinence compared to nicotine patches](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/psilocybin-in-combination-with-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-may-improve-smoking-abstinence-compared-to-nicotine-patches/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, psilocybin combined with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is associated with significantly higher smoking abstinence at 6 months compared to the use of a nicotine patch. 2. A single high dose of psilocybin, when paired with structured CBT, outperformed a standard FDA-approved cessation treatment. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [High-frequency oscillatory ventilation may reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/high-frequency-oscillatory-ventilation-may-reduce-the-incidence-of-bronchopulmonary-dysplasia-in-neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome/) - 1. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) compared with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in infants born at 34 weeks’ gestation or earlier with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NARDS). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) NARDS is a serious condition in premature infants and remains a leading cause of neonatal mortality.
- [Camrelizumab may be safe and effective in the management of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/camrelizumab-may-be-safe-and-effective-in-the-management-of-locally-advanced-esophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/) - 1. Neoadjuvant immunoradiotherapy with camrelizumab and radiotherapy demonstrated favourable pathologic tumour regression and safety in the management of resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Standard treatment for locally advanced ESCC involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. However, distant metastasis remains common, and chemotherapy can result in substantial toxicity.
- [Burr hole craniotomy for chronic subdural hematoma under local anesthesia may reduce risks of postoperative delirium compared to general anesthesia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/burr-hole-craniotomy-for-chronic-subdural-hematoma-under-local-anesthesia-may-reduce-risks-of-postoperative-delirium-compared-to-general-anesthesia/) - 1. In patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) requiring burr hole craniotomy, operation under local anesthesia (LA) was safe, well-tolerated, and associated with significantly reduced risks of postoperative delirium compared to general anesthesia (GA). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) cSDH is projected to become the most common cranial neurosurgical condition by 2030. Present standard management
- [Sivelestat may reduce the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults undergoing cardiac surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sivelestat-may-reduce-the-risk-of-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-adults-undergoing-cardiac-surgery/) - 1. Sivelestat significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared to placebo in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) ARDS is a common postoperative complication after cardiac surgery with CPB, with very high mortality rates. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a key amplifier of
- [Delivery of evidence-based interventions for alcohol misuse in the emergency department is low](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/delivery-of-evidence-based-interventions-for-alcohol-misuse-in-the-emergency-department-is-low/) - 1. Alcohol misuse among older adults is common but the delivery of evidence-based interventions such as referral services and pharmacotherapy remains low in the emergency department (ED). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Alcohol misuse is a growing, under-recognized, and under-treated health condition in older adults (defined here as adults 55 years old and older), who
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 16, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-16-2026/) - High-Frequency Oscillation vs Mechanical Ventilation for Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 1. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) compared with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in infants born at 34 weeks’ gestation or earlier with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NARDS). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) NARDS is a serious condition
- [α-synuclein pathology is associated with faster tau accumulation in women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/α-synuclein-pathology-is-associated-with-faster-tau-accumulation-in-women/) - 1. α-synuclein pathology was associated with faster tau accumulation in women than men. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Sex differences play an important role in Alzheimer’s disease, as women often show greater tau burden and faster cognitive decline than men. Although misfolded α-Synuclein frequently occurs in Alzheimer's disease, it is unclear whether this copathology is
- [Higher ultra-processed food intake in young children is associated with adverse early behavioural outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/higher-ultra-processed-food-intake-in-young-children-is-associated-with-adverse-early-behavioural-outcomes/) - 1. Higher ultra-processed food consumption in children at age 3 was associated with adverse behavioural and emotional symptoms at age 5. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) UPF has been linked to adverse health outcomes, behaviour, and mental health outcomes in adults and adolescents. The relationship between UPF intake and behavioural development during early childhood is
- [Lower preoperative serum calcium is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lower-preoperative-serum-calcium-is-associated-with-increased-risk-of-postoperative-complications-in-patients-undergoing-orthopedic-surgery/) - 1. Lower preoperative serum calcium levels were associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications in older orthopedic patients. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) As the incidence of orthopedic diseases and demand for surgery among older adults are increasing, reducing the occurrence of orthopedic surgical complications is becoming increasingly important. Serum calcium plays a crucial
- [Computed tomography angiography of the head and neck may inform emergency management in patients with suspected stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/computed-tomography-angiography-of-the-head-and-neck-may-inform-emergency-management-in-patients-with-suspected-stroke/) - 1. Computed tomography angiography of the head and neck (CTAHN) is most likely to reveal an acute finding that changes emergency management in patients presenting with suspected stroke, especially when there are focal neurologic deficits, abnormal noncontrast head computed tomography findings, new symptoms, or symptoms that are maximal at onset. 2. CTAHN appears to have
- [Visual perturbation training may be superior to treadmill training for reduction of fall risk in Parkinson's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visual-perturbation-training-may-be-superior-to-treadmill-training-for-reduction-of-fall-risk-in-parkinsons-disease/) - 1. Six weeks of visual perturbation training reduced visual dependency and improved temporal gait characteristics to a greater extent than treadmill training alone in people with early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Visual dependency is defined as a “reduced ability to disregard visual cues in complex or conflicting visual environments”. Decreased gait automaticity
- [Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are associated with reduced risk of developing substance use disorders](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-are-associated-with-reduced-risk-of-developing-substance-use-disorders/) - 1. Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists was associated with reduced risk of developing substance use disorders among US veterans with type 2 diabetes. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been associated with reduced risks of incident substance use disorders (SUDs) such as alcohol use and incident cannabis use
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 9, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-9-2026/) - Sex-Specific Associations of α-Synuclein Pathology With Tau Accumulation 1. α-synuclein pathology was associated with faster tau accumulation in women than men. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Sex differences play an important role in Alzheimer’s disease, as women often show greater tau burden and faster cognitive decline than men. Although misfolded α-Synuclein frequently occurs in Alzheimer's
- [Placebo may be inferior compared to acetaminophen when given with morphine for the management of acute pain in the emergency department](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/placebo-may-be-inferior-compared-to-acetaminophen-when-given-with-morphine-for-the-management-of-acute-pain-in-the-emergency-department/) - 1. Morphine plus placebo is not noninferior to morphine plus acetaminophen in the management of acute pain in the emergency department (ED). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Pain is a common reason for presentation to the ED, where opioids are commonly prescribed for moderate-to-severe acute pain. Multimodal analgesia has become more prevalent due
- [FDA grants priority review for iberdomide-based myeloma regimen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-grants-priority-review-for-iberdomide-based-myeloma-regimen/) - 1. The FDA has granted priority review for iberdomide, a first-in-class oral CELMoD designed to degrade transcription factors more effectively than earlier agents. 2. Priority review was supported by Phase III data demonstrating that iberdomide combinations significantly improve minimal residual disease negativity in relapsed myeloma. The FDA has officially accepted Bristol Myers Squibb's application for
- [Shingles vaccine and sildenafil linked to lower Alzheimer’s risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/shingles-vaccine-and-sildenafil-linked-to-lower-alzheimers-risk/) - 1. An expert panel identified the shingles vaccine and sildenafil as the top candidates for repurposing to protect against Alzheimer's disease. 2. Leveraging existing drugs with established safety data could cut the dementia drug development timeline by up to a decade. An international panel of 21 dementia experts just wrapped up a major review, pinpointing
- [Oral infigratinib boosts growth velocity in achondroplasia study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-infigratinib-boosts-growth-velocity-in-achondroplasia-study/) - 1. Oral infigratinib achieved the highest growth velocity reported to date in a randomized achondroplasia trial, growing 2.10 cm/year faster than placebo. 2. The therapy demonstrated the first statistically significant improvement in upper-to-lower body proportionality for children with disproportionate short stature. BridgeBio Pharma has released topline Phase 3 results for infigratinib, and the numbers are
- [Oral remibrutinib hits Phase 3 primary endpoint for inducible hives](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-remibrutinib-hits-phase-3-primary-endpoint-for-inducible-hives/) - 1. Oral remibrutinib successfully met its primary endpoint in the Phase III RemIND trial, delivering significant symptom relief for chronic inducible urticaria. 2. As a selective BTK inhibitor, this therapy represents the first targeted oral option for patients suffering from cold, pressure, or exercise-induced hives. Novartis reported today that its selective BTK inhibitor, remibrutinib, successfully
- [Merck and Mayo Clinic launch AI-driven precision medicine lab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/merck-and-mayo-clinic-launch-ai-driven-precision-medicine-lab/) - 1. Merck and Mayo Clinic have launched a strategic collaboration to integrate multimodal clinical data with AI to accelerate drug discovery and target identification. 2. The partnership leverages secure, de-identified genomic and longitudinal records to develop virtual cell technologies for complex autoimmune and neurological conditions. Merck and Mayo Clinic officially launched a landmark R&D agreement
- [The quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine provides effective and durable protection against invasive cervical cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-quadrivalent-human-papillomavirus-vaccine-provides-effective-and-durable-protection-against-invasive-cervical-cancer/) - 1. In this cohort study, the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine provides strong, long-lasting protection against invasive cervical cancer, with the greatest benefit if vaccination occurs before age 17. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Persistent risk with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, and HPV vaccination is highly
- [Maternal exposure to environmental stressors is associated with decreased odds of infant survival among preterm infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maternal-exposure-to-environmental-stressors-is-associated-with-decreased-odds-of-infant-survival-among-preterm-infants/) - 1. In this cohort of very preterm infants, maternal exposure to low levels of greenness, high levels of ozone, and low temperatures was associated with decreased odds of infant survival without major morbidity (SWMM). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Exposure to modifiable environmental factors during pregnancy is linked to important perinatal and infant outcomes. Air
- [Safety and efficacy profile of first-in-class oral p53 reactivator rezatapopt](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/safety-and-efficacy-of-first-in-class-oral-p53-reactivator-rezatapopt/) - 1. In this phase 1-2 single-group trial, the p53 reactivator rezatapopt was well-tolerated in adults with solid tumors harboring the TP53 Y220C mutation. 2. Preliminary efficacy data showed dose-dependent tumor regression in participants with ovarian, breast, and other cancers. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in cancer, accounting
- [Ex vivo gene therapy for cystinosis had acceptable safety and improved disease biomarkers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ex-vivo-gene-therapy-for-cystinosis-had-acceptable-safety-and-improved-disease-biomarkers/) - 1. In this phase 1–2 open-label study, autologous lentiviral hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy for cystinosis was associated with sustained engraftment and reduced white-cell cystine levels. 2. Adverse events were largely consistent with myeloablative conditioning and preexisting disease, with no evidence of clonal expansion or leukoproliferative complications. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Nephropathic cystinosis
- [Higher sleep apnea-specific hypoxic burden may predict postoperative cardiovascular complications and mortality in obstructive sleep apnea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/higher-sleep-apnea-specific-hypoxic-burden-may-predict-postoperative-cardiovascular-complications-and-mortality-in-obstructive-sleep-apnea/) - 1. In this cohort of patients with Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a higher sleep apnea-specific hypoxic burden (SASHB) was associated with a significantly greater risk of 30-day postoperative cardiovascular events and mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common and increases vulnerability to postoperative complications as a result of the relaxation
- [Metformin and ursodeoxycholic acid do not improve long COVID recovery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/metformin-and-ursodeoxycholic-acid-do-not-improve-long-covid-recovery/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, neither metformin nor ursodeoxycholic acid improved recovery from long COVID compared with placebo in adults. 2. Participants who recovered from long COVID showed reductions in multiple cytokine levels, while those who did not recover showed no meaningful changes. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Metformin has immunomodulatory and
- [Breast cancer screening with MRI provides modest benefit for high-risk women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/breast-cancer-screening-with-mri-provides-modest-benefit-for-high-risk-women/) - 1. For women at higher-than-average risk, adding supplemental MRI to DBT provided only modest additional benefit, resulting in a similar harm-benefit balance compared with DBT alone. 2. Across all risk levels, biennial DBT starting at age 50 was the most cost-effective strategy. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: A substantial proportion of women undergoing
- [Lifestyle factors including higher body mass index and smoking are associated with changes in left-atrial size and function](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lifestyle-factors-including-higher-body-mass-index-and-smoking-are-associated-with-changes-in-left-atrial-size-and-function/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, lifestyle behaviours, especially higher body mass index (BMI) and smoking, are associated with measurable changes in left-atrial size and function. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Left atrial size and function are strong predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, and mortality, and even subtle changes in these measures signal higher
- [Replacing sedentary time with physical activity may lower risk of all-cause mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/replacing-sedentary-time-with-physical-activity-may-lower-risk-of-all-cause-mortality/) - 1. In this prospective cohort, individuals with greater periods of sedentary time have increased risks of all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease. 2. Replacing sedentary behaviour with physical activity substantially lowers these risks. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Sedentary behaviour (SB), defined as low-energy acivities have become increasingly common and
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 2, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-2-2026/) - Extended follow-up of invasive cervical cancer risk after quadrivalent HPV vaccination: nationwide, register based study 1. In this cohort study, the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine provides strong, long-lasting protection against invasive cervical cancer, with the greatest benefit if vaccination occurs before age 17. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Persistent risk with high-risk human papillomavirus
- [Smartphone-based digital ruler achieved high diagnostic performance for strabismus screening](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/smartphone-based-digital-ruler-achieved-high-diagnostic-performance-for-strabismus-screening/) - 1. Wang and colleagues developed a system that uses deep learning algorithms to analyze cover tests recorded by suspected strabismus patients. 2. The digital platform achieved high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating phoria and tropia from normal ocular alignment. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Early screening and timely treatment of strabismus are crucial
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Merck and Mayo Clinic’s AI precision medicine lab, Novartis’ remibrutinib hits Phase III hive endpoint, FDA grants priority review for iberdomide in myeloma, oral infigratinib boosts growth velocity in achondroplasia, and shingles vaccine/sildenafil linked to lower Alzheimer’s risk [February 2026]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-merck-and-mayo-clinics-ai-precision-medicine-lab-novartis-remibrutinib-hits-phase-iii-hive-endpoint-fda-grants-priority-review-for-iberd/) - Merck and Mayo Clinic launch AI-driven precision medicine partnership Merck and Mayo Clinic have officially kicked off a landmark R&D agreement that pairs one of the world’s top hospital systems with a global pharma giant to rethink drug discovery. This partnership is unique because it grants Merck direct access to the Mayo Clinic Platform Orchestrate,
- [Safety and efficacy of novel antibody-oligonucleotide therapy for myotonic dystrophy type 1](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/safety-and-efficacy-of-novel-antibody-oligonucleotide-therapy-for-myotonic-dystrophy-type-1/) - 1. In this phase 1-2 randomized controlled trial involving adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1, del-desiran was well-tolerated in most patients 2. The treatment was also associated with decreased biochemical markers of disease and improved muscle function. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is a progressive genetic neuromuscular disease that
- [Physicians slightly more likely to die at home or hospice](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/physicians-slightly-more-likely-to-die-at-home-or-hospice/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, physicians were slightly more likely to die at home or in hospice than both the general population and individuals in other professions. 2. The largest absolute differences between physicians and other professional groups were observed when Alzheimer disease or stroke was the underlying cause of death. Evidence Rating Level: 3
- [Prenatal depression and gestational diabetes are associated with increased risk of childhood obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prenatal-depression-and-gestational-diabetes-are-associated-with-increased-risk-of-childhood-obesity/) - 1. Prenatal depression and gestational diabetes were independently associated with a higher risk of childhood obesity within the first 10 years of life, with gestational diabetes showing a greater risk. 2. Children exposed to both conditions had the highest risk of childhood obesity. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Gestational diabetes and prenatal depression
- [Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are at higher risk of poor long-term adherence to antihypertensive therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adults-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-are-at-higher-risk-of-poor-long-term-adherence-to-antihypertensive-therapy/) - 1. Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more likely to discontinue antihypertensive therapy and demonstrate poor long-term adherence. 2. Use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication is associated with improved adherence to antihypertensive treatment among affected individuals Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This multinational cohort study examined whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with discontinuation and poor adherence
- [Virtual reality rehabilitation is safe and feasible for upper extremity recovery after subacute ischemic stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/virtual-reality-rehabilitation-is-safe-and-feasible-for-upper-extremity-recovery-after-subacute-ischemic-stroke/) - 1. Non-immersive virtual reality rehabilitation was feasible and safe but did not demonstrate superiority over equally intensive conventional physiotherapy for upper extremity recovery after subacute ischemic stroke. 2. Both rehabilitation approaches resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in motor function, activities of daily living, and quality of life. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Upper extremity impairment
- [150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week may reduce cardiovascular risk in overweight or obese adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/150-minutes-of-moderate-to-vigorous-physical-activity-per-week-may-reduce-cardiovascular-risk-in-overweight-or-obese-adults/) - 1. In adults with overweight or obesity, performing at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week reduces cardiovascular risk, whether activity is concentrated in 1–2 days or distributed throughout the week. 2. Flexible activity patterns may offer a pragmatic strategy to improve adherence while preserving cardiovascular benefit in high-risk populations. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Self-reported fine motor ability is associated with higher life satisfaction in cervical spinal cord injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/self-reported-fine-motor-ability-is-associated-with-higher-life-satisfaction-in-cervical-spinal-cord-injury/) - 1. In adults with cervical spinal cord injury, better self-reported fine motor ability is associated with higher life satisfaction and fewer life problems. 2. The strongest associations were observed between fine motor ability and reduced social isolation and fewer health-related problems. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This cross-sectional study evaluated associations between self-reported upper limb
- [Elevated blood pressure at discharge from delivery hospitalization predicts earlier admission postpartum](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/elevated-blood-pressure-at-discharge-predicts-earlier-admission-postpartum/) - 1. Blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg at discharge predicts earlier postpartum admission but does not predict severity of hypertensive disease at readmission. 2. De novo postpartum hypertensive disorders account for a substantial proportion of admissions and frequently present with severe disease. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a leading cause of
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 23, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-23-2026/) - ADHD and adherence to antihypertensive medication treatment: a multinational cohort study 1. Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are more likely to discontinue antihypertensive therapy and demonstrate poor long-term adherence. 2. Use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication is associated with improved adherence to antihypertensive treatment among affected individuals Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This multinational cohort study examined
- [Artificial intelligence predicts colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis with 99% accuracy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-predicts-colorectal-cancer-in-ulcerative-colitis-with-99-accuracy/) - 1. A new AI workflow utilizing large language models can predict with 99% accuracy which ulcerative colitis patients will remain free of colorectal cancer for at least two years. 2. The system identifies high-risk features from narrative clinical notes that are often overlooked, potentially allowing for more personalized and less invasive surveillance schedules. A study
- [Artificial intelligence designed drugs Hit 90% Phase I success rate in trials](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ai-designed-drugs-hit-90-phase-i-success-rate-in-trials/) - 1. AI-native biotechnology firms are reporting Phase I success rates between 80% and 90%, nearly doubling the historical industry average of approximately 50%. 2. Computational platforms are significantly compressing the discovery-to-clinic timeline, with some candidates reaching human trials in under 18 months. Recent industry data from early 2026 suggests that drug candidates designed via generative
- [FDA clears Medtronic stealth AXiS AI-Robotic spine system](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-clears-medtronic-stealth-axis-ai-robotic-spine-system/) - 1. The Stealth AXiS™ system has received regulatory clearance as the first platform to natively unify AI-driven planning and robotic execution for spinal procedures. 2. Real-time segmental tracking technology allows for the visualization of anatomic motion during surgery, reducing the need for repeated intraoperative CT imaging. The FDA recently issued a landmark clearance for the
- [2MM: AI Roundup- Medtronic’s AI-Robotic Spine Platform, 90% Phase I Success for AI-Designed Drugs, and UCSD’s AI Cancer Risk Predictor [Feb 17th, 2026]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-medtronics-ai-robotic-spine-platform-90-phase-i-success-for-ai-designed-drugs-and-ucsds-ai-cancer-risk-predictor-feb-17th-2026/) - Medtronic Stealth AXiS system integrates AI-robotics for spine care The FDA recently issued a landmark clearance for a surgical platform that natively unifies AI-driven planning, navigation, and robotics into a single spine workflow. Currently, navigation systems drive approximately 70% of spine procedures in the United States, yet many require fragmented software toggling that can disrupt
- [One in Six Medicare Beneficiaries Use Telehealth for Essential Care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/one-in-six-medicare-beneficiaries-use-telehealth-for-essential-care/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, 16.4% of Medicare beneficiaries had at least one telehealth visit between 2021 and 2023, with users more likely to have higher education, physical or cognitive limitations, and greater outpatient healthcare use. 2. Anxiety and depressive disorders were the most common conditions managed via telehealth, while uncomplicated diabetes mellitus was the
- [Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased risk of developing limitations in physical function](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/exposure-to-air-pollution-is-associated-with-increased-risk-of-developing-limitations-in-physical-function/) - 1. Greater long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was associated with increased risk of progressing from no disability to physical limitations and activities of daily living (ADLs) disability. 2. Higher ozone (O3) was associated with lower disability progression risk. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Individuals have longer life expectancies,
- [Poly-L-lysine-coated catheters are safe and well-tolerated in adults requiring short-term catheterization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/poly-l-lysine-coated-catheters-are-safe-and-well-tolerated-in-adults-requiring-short-term-catheterization/) - 1. Poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated catheters are well-tolerated, safe, and noninferior in preventing bacteriuria compared to noble metal alloys (NMA)-coated catheters in adults requiring short-term catheterization. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) account for approximately 40% of all nosocomial infections, leading to greater morbidity, extended hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. Antibiotic- or
- [Penpulimab and lenalidomide in combination with standard of care chemoimmunotherapy demonstrates promising safety and efficacy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/penpulimab-and-lenalidomide-in-combination-with-standard-of-care-chemoimmunotherapy-demonstrates-promising-safety-and-efficacy-in-diffuse-large-b-cell-lymphoma/) - 1. Penpulimab and lenalidomide in combination with rituximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin (R-GemOx regimen) is safe, tolerable, and shows antitumour activity in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Approximately 40% of patients with DLBCL, the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, experience R/R disease after the
- [Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors may improve left ventricular diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors-may-improve-left-ventricular-diastolic-function-in-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/) - 1. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) were associated with improved left ventricular diastolic function and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current management of HCM includes symptom control with beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, and risk reduction through invasive procedures such as septal reduction
- [Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may reduce endometrial cancer risk in endometrial hyperplasia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-may-reduce-endometrial-cancer-risk-in-endometrial-hyperplasia/) - 1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) in combination with progestins are significantly more effective at reducing endometrial cancer (EC) risk compared to progestins alone in female patients with endometrial hyperplasia or other nonmalignant uterine conditions. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Among patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), the presence of metabolic conditions (e.g. obesity, insulin
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 16, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-16-2026/) - Antimicrobial catheters coated with poly-L-lysine for the prevention of bacteriuria in adults requiring short-term catheterization: a multicenter randomized controlled trial 1. Poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated catheters are well tolerated, safe, and noninferior in preventing bacteriuria compared to noble metal alloys (NMA)-coated catheters in adults requiring short-term catheterization. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)
- [Oral nonstatin medication significantly lowers cholesterol in high-risk patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-nonstatin-medication-significantly-lowers-cholesterol-in-high-risk-patients/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, once-daily oral enlicitide was associated with sustained reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to placebo among those at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 2. Enlicitide also lowered non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) levels without notable safety differences between groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Daily caffeine intake linked to lower dementia risk, AAP sues over federal vaccine schedule overhaul, Catherine O’Hara passes away after short illness, and GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce endometrial cancer risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-daily-caffeine-intake-linked-to-lower-dementia-risk-aap-sues-over-federal-vaccine-schedule-overhaul-catherine-ohara-passes-away-after-short-illness-and/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Moderate caffeine intake linked to significantly lower dementia risk Recent longitudinal data suggests that your morning coffee or tea might be doing more than just waking you up. A massive study involving over 400,000 participants
- [Status epilepticus cause may predict likelihood of neurologic recovery but not short-term mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/status-epilepticus-cause-may-predict-likelihood-of-neurologic-recovery-but-not-short-term-mortality/) - 1. The underlying cause of status epilepticus is strongly associated with the likelihood of neurologic recovery, but does not independently predict short-term mortality. 2. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus with coma is the most powerful predictor of death and poor neurologic recovery, regardless of the underlying cause. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: This two-center observational
- [Early menarche and later menopause are associated with increased ovarian cancer risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-menarche-and-later-menopause-are-associated-with-increased-ovarian-cancer-risk/) - 1. Across the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups, early menarche, later menopause, and longer reproductive span were associated with higher ovarian cancer risk, while parity was associated with lower risk of ovarian cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Although reproductive factors have been associated with ovarian cancer risk, it is unclear whether reproductive factor associations differ
- [A telephone-based intervention reduced loneliness and improved well-being among older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-telephone-based-intervention-reduced-loneliness-and-improved-well-being-among-older-adults/) - 1. Four weeks of telephone-delivered behavioral activation and mindfulness interventions by lay counsellors were associated with reduced loneliness and improved well-being at 12 months among older adults compared to telephone-delivered befriending. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Late-life loneliness is associated with poor mental and cognitive health and increased risk of premature mortality. Behavioral activation interventions
- [Propofol is associated with lower mortality in sepsis-associated encephalopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/propofol-is-associated-with-lower-mortality-in-sepsis-associated-encephalopathy/) - 1. Among patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy, propofol monotherapy was associated with lower one-year all-cause mortality compared to no sedation therapy. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) involves acute progressive brain dysfunction in the absence of direct central nervous system infection. Mortality rate increases with SAE severity. Among critically ill patients, it is important
- [Polypharmacy is associated with higher risk of mortality and hospitalizations among older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/polypharmacy-is-associated-with-higher-risk-of-mortality-and-hospitalizations-among-older-adults/) - 1. Polypharmacy was associated with a higher risk of mortality and hospitalization at one-year and five-years among older adults aged >75 years. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Polypharmacy is commonly defined as the use of five or more medicines and is associated with medication non-adherence, cognitive impairment and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Research findings on
- [The incidence of psychotic disorders has increased in more recent birth cohorts](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-incidence-of-psychotic-disorders-has-increased-in-more-recent-birth-cohorts/) - 1. The incidence of psychotic disorders in Ontario has increased in more recent birth cohorts, and the age of diagnosis has decreased. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The incidence trends of psychotic disorders over time in high-income countries have varied across studies and may not capture birth cohort differences that are affected by varying exposures
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 9, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-9-2026/) - Reproductive Shifts and Ovarian Cancer Risk in Women Aged 40 Years or Older 1. Across the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups, early menarche, later menopause, and longer reproductive span were associated with higher ovarian cancer risk, while parity was associated with lower risk of ovarian cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Although reproductive factors have been
- [Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy may induce sustained remission in multirefractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/chimeric-antigen-receptor-t-cell-therapy-may-induce-sustained-remission-in-multirefractory-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy was found to elicit a complete response in eleven patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia who had previously failed at least three lines of therapy. 2. Treatment was associated with an acceptable safety profile, with adverse events including mild cytokine-release syndrome and mild
- [Isotonic Fluids Reduce Hyponatremia in Hospitalized Children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maintenance-intravenous-fluids-in-children/) - Key Points: Hospitalized children should receive isotonic fluids such as 0.9% normal saline rather than hypotonic solutions for routine maintenance: This standard practice significantly reduces the risk of iatrogenic hyponatremia caused by non-osmotic antidiuretic hormone secretion. Fluid choice must include 5% dextrose to provide necessary calories and prevent hypoglycemia during acute illness: Regular monitoring of
- [Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and navigating the 2022 AAP guideline updates](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neonatal-hyperbilirubinemia-and-navigating-the-2022-aap-guideline-updates/) - Key Points: The 2022 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines slightly raised phototherapy thresholds for most infants to balance preventing encephalopathy with avoiding the harms of over treatment: This update reflects evidence that bilirubin levels slightly higher than previously allowed are safe for low risk neonates. A new pre exchange level of concern requires intensive phototherapy
- [The modified reverse valsalva for supraventricular tachycardia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-modified-reverse-valsalva-for-supraventricular-tachycardia/) - Key Points: The Reverse Valsalva maneuver utilizes forced inspiration against an occluded airway to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and trigger a potent vagal response: This technique serves as a viable alternative for converting supraventricular tachycardia when traditional high-pressure straining is ineffective or contraindicated. Clinical application involving forced suction for 15 seconds has demonstrated success in
- [Oral semaglutide reshapes everyday obesity visits](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-semaglutide-reshapes-everyday-obesity-visits/) - 1. Oral semaglutide adds a pill-based option for chronic obesity care without changing the core GLP-1 tradeoffs in efficacy and gastrointestinal tolerability. 2. Clinicians will need to help patients understand that daily dosing, titration, and safety monitoring remain essential even when the formulation feels more convenient. The emergence of an oral GLP-1 option for chronic
- [Deepfake doctors and counterfeit injectables erode patient safety](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/deepfake-doctors-and-counterfeit-injectables-erode-patient-safety/) - 1. Deepfake clinicians and AI-shaped wellness content are blurring the line between medical advice and marketing in ways that patients may struggle to recognize. 2. Rising cases of cosmetic botulinum toxin–related illness underscore the importance of harm-reduction counseling and clear guidance on avoiding unregulated injectables. The current wave of enthusiasm for weight loss and aesthetic
- [Home longevity scales generate data that outruns clinical evidence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/home-longevity-scales-generate-data-that-outruns-clinical-evidence/) - 1. New home longevity scales are generating dozens of proprietary biomarkers that patients treat as diagnostic, even though the evidence base is still thin. 2. Clinicians will increasingly need to contextualize these readings as supplemental information rather than triggers for immediate changes in testing or treatment. The center of gravity at CES 2026 clearly moved
- [Television CPR scripts undercut bystander response in real emergencies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/television-cpr-scripts-undercut-bystander-response-in-real-emergencies/) - 1. Televised CPR scenes still underrepresent hands-only compressions and realistic outcomes, shaping how viewers expect resuscitation to look. 2. Brief clinic conversations that normalize imperfect chest compressions and emphasize early action can counter years of misleading media exposure. Scripted television remains a powerful tutor in the public imagination, but a recent analysis suggests it teaches
- [An ultrasound test may more reliably detect ovarian cancer in premenopausal women than the Risk of Malignancy Index](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/an-ultrasound-test-may-more-reliably-detect-ovarian-cancer-in-premenopausal-women-than-the-risk-of-malignancy-index/) - 1. This cohort study found that the IOTA ADNEX ultrasound model at a 10% risk threshold detected more ovarian cancers in premenopausal women than the currently used Risk of Malignancy Index, making it a better test for triaging patients in secondary care. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Ovarian cancer is difficult to diagnose early, especially
- [Knee bracing may provide small improvements in patient-reported outcomes in knee osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/knee-bracing-may-provide-small-improvements-in-patient-reported-outcomes-in-knee-osteoarthritis/) - 1. Adding compartment-specific knee bracing with an adherence support intervention to standard advice, information and exercise (AIE) provides a small but meaningful improvement in patient-reported outcomes in adults with knee osteoarthritis. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Painful knee osteoarthritis, affecting 365 million adults, presents a major challenge to health. Primary knee arthroplasty, though effective, is
- [Second-stage cesarean and operative vaginal deliveries are associated with similar neurodevelopmental outcomes in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/second-stage-cesarean-and-operative-vaginal-deliveries-are-associated-with-similar-neurodevelopmental-outcomes-in-children/) - 1. Most second-stage delivery modes, including operative vaginal delivery and second-stage cesarean delivery, are associated with similar neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. However, sequential instrument delivery is associated with a higher risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and vacuum delivery is associated with a higher risk of intellectual disability. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Some of the
- [A planetary health diet is associated with a lower risk of developing chronic kidney disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-planetary-health-diet-is-associated-with-a-lower-risk-of-developing-chronic-kidney-disease/) - 1. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet is associated with a lower risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is partly mediated by specific metabolic and proteomic pathways. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widespread, affecting 10% of adults globally, with diet playing a key role in reducing the
- [Acupuncture may reduce pain and improve function in patients with migraine without aura](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/acupuncture-may-reduce-pain-and-improve-function-in-patients-with-migraine-without-aura/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, acupuncture effectively reduces pain and disability in migraine without aura, and baseline whole-brain functional connectivity can predict which patients are most likely to benefit. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Migraine without aura (MWOA) is common and can significantly reduce quality of life, yet many patients do not have an
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind December 8th, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-rewind-december-8th-2025/) - Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Offspring 1. In this cohort of maternal-child pairs, lower maternal vitamin D levels, especially in the second and third trimesters, are associated with an increased risk of early childhood caries (ECC). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common and serious public
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 2, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-2-2026/) - Diagnostic tests for ovarian cancer in premenopausal women with non-specific symptoms (ROCkeTS): prospective, multicentre, cohort study 1. This cohort study found that the IOTA ADNEX ultrasound model at a 10% risk threshold detected more ovarian cancers in premenopausal women than the currently used Risk of Malignancy Index, making it a better test for triaging patients
- [Mobile telemedicine is associated with higher chances of initiating hepatitis C virus treatment in intravenous drug users with chronic hepatitis C](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mobile-telemedicine-is-associated-with-higher-chances-of-initiating-hepatitis-c-virus-treatment-in-intravenous-drug-users-with-chronic-hepatitis-c/) - 1. Mobile telemedicine was associated with significantly higher chances of initiating hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment and achieving viral clearance compared to usual care in intravenous drug users living in rural areas with chronic HCV. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Hepatitis C virus prevalence is as high as 60% in some parts of
- [Psychotherapy identified as most effective treatment for grief](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/psychotherapy-identified-as-most-effective-treatment-for-grief/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, psychotherapy was the most effective intervention, improving grief disorder symptoms, general grief, and depression compared with no treatment. 2. Expert-facilitated support groups reduced depression symptoms, though effects were inconsistent across studies. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Various interventions exist to manage bereavement and grief, but evidence
- [Both high and low maternal hemoglobin levels increase neonatal risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/both-high-and-low-maternal-hemoglobin-levels-increase-neonatal-risk/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, both low and high early-pregnancy hemoglobin levels were linked to higher rates of severe neonatal morbidity and mortality (SNM-M), stillbirth, and preterm birth before 37 weeks. 2. High hemoglobin, but not low hemoglobin, was associated with increased risk of extreme preterm birth (<32 weeks). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
- [Human papillomavirus vaccination may allow longer cervical cancer screening intervals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/human-papillomavirus-vaccination-may-allow-longer-cervical-cancer-screening-intervals/) - 1. In this individual-based modeling study, fewer cervical cancer screens for HPV-vaccinated women were the most cost-effective strategy. 2. Fewer screens also preserved a favorable harm–benefit ratio comparable to current guidelines. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: The identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causal agent of cervical cancer (CC) has led to
- [Sacituzumab govitecan plus pembrolizumab improves survival in advanced triple-negative breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sacituzumab-govitecan-plus-pembrolizumab-improves-survival-in-advanced-triple-negative-breast-cancer/) - 1. Among patients with previously untreated programmed death-ligand 1 positive, triple-negative breast cancer, first-line sacituzumab govitecan plus pembrolizumab significantly prolonged progression-free survival compared to chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab. 2. The sacituzumab combination was also associated with longer response duration and fewer treatment discontinuations due to adverse events, despite similar rates of high-grade toxicities. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Tenecteplase not associated with visual improvement in central retinal artery occlusion](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tenecteplase-not-associated-with-visual-improvement-in-central-retinal-artery-occlusion/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial of adults with central retinal artery occlusion, tenecteplase administration shortly after symptom onset did not significantly improve visual recovery. 2. Those who received tenecteplase experienced a greater incidence of adverse outcomes such as intracranial bleeding as compared to those who received placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Palbociclib as adjunct maintenance therapy prolongs progression-free survival in some types of metastatic breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/palbociclib-as-adjunct-maintenance-therapy-prolongs-progression-free-survival-for-her2-positive-metastatic-breast-cancer/) - 1. This randomized controlled trial found that, in patients with hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, the addition of palbociclib to standard therapy extended progression-free survival by more than one year. 2. Adverse events, most commonly neutropenia, were more frequent with palbociclib, though no deaths were determined to be related to the treatment. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Deep-learning models displayed expert-level accuracy in detecting epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/deep-learning-models-displayed-expert-level-accuracy-in-detecting-epileptiform-discharges-on-electroencephalogram-eeg-recordings/) - 1. Li and colleagues developed a deep-learning model to analyze EEG recordings and detect event-level EEG spikes. 2. The model achieved high accuracy and a low false-positive rate, with only 32% of human experts outperforming the model. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Epileptiform discharges form spikes on EEGs, and physicians with specialized training
- [Ambient artificial intelligence effectively reduced work exhaustion among healthcare providers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ambient-artificial-intelligence-effectively-reduced-work-exhaustion-among-healthcare-providers/) - 1. Afshar and colleagues evaluated an artificial intelligence (AI) scribe’s ability to produce clinical documentation and alleviate work exhaustion. 2. Ambient AI use had a significant reduction in work exhaustion but did not significantly improve professional fulfillment. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Electronic health record (EHR) documentation is a significant contributor to healthcare
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – New oral gonorrhea antibiotic Nuzolvence (zoliflodacin), late‑December cardiovascular and oncology drug approvals, first targeted complement inhibitor therapy for HSCT‑TMA (Yartemlea), and antibody‑drug conjugate (ADC) safety concerns with ifinatamab deruxtecan (I‑DXd) [January 2026]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-new-oral-gonorrhea-antibiotic-nuzolvence-zoliflodacin-late‑december-cardiovascular-and-oncology-drug-approvals-first-targeted-complement-inhibit/) - Oral gonorrhea antibiotic Nuzolvence approved just weeks ago The Food and Drug Administration recently approved Nuzolvence (zoliflodacin) as a first‑in‑class oral treatment for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea, expanding options beyond injectable ceftriaxone‑based regimens as outlined in its press release on two new oral gonorrhea therapies. Although the decision was finalized on December 12, 2025, clinicians are
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Oral GLP 1 reshapes obesity visits, deepfake doctors fuel DIY injectables, home longevity scales overwhelm clinics, and TV CPR scripts leave bystanders unprepared](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-oral-glp-1-reshapes-obesity-visits-deepfake-doctors-fuel-diy-injectables-home-longevity-scales-overwhelm-clinics-and-tv-cpr-scripts-leave-bystanders-unprepared/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Oral semaglutide reshapes everyday obesity visits The landscape of chronic weight management shifted significantly this month as an oral GLP-1 option cleared a major regulatory hurdle and joined the existing prescribing information for semaglutide. The
- [Appendectomy is associated with increased risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/appendectomy-is-associated-with-increased-risk-of-non-typhoidal-salmonella-infection-in-children/) - 1. Appendectomy was associated with a higher risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in children. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Appendectomy is one of the most common emergency surgeries. As the appendix contains lymphoid cells involved in immune function, its removal may increase the risk of infections. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a group of
- [Sleeve gastrectomy may produce greater and more durable weight loss than semaglutide in patients with obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sleeve-gastrectomy-may-produce-greater-and-more-durable-weight-loss-than-semaglutide-in-patients-with-obesity/) - 1. Sleeve gastrectomy produces substantially greater and more durable weight loss than semaglutide over 12 months in patients with obesity. 2. Semaglutide is effective during treatment, but discontinuation frequently leads to clinically significant weight regain, highlighting the need for long-term treatment strategies. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In this prospective, non-randomized study, sleeve gastrectomy (SG)
- [Fluoxetine may improve hemodynamic status and organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fluoxetine-may-improve-hemodynamic-status-and-organ-dysfunction-in-patients-with-severe-sepsis/) - 1. Adjunctive fluoxetine significantly reduced vasopressor duration and ICU length of stay in patients with severe sepsis. 2. Fluoxetine improved organ dysfunction scores and metabolic recovery but did not significantly reduce short-term mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Sepsis is a leading cause of intensive care unit morbidity and mortality, driven by a dysregulated host
- [Perioperative esketamine may improve postoperative pain and mood outcomes after cesarean section](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/perioperative-esketamine-may-improve-postoperative-pain-and-mood-outcomes-after-cesarean-section/) - 1. Intravenous esketamine provides effective adjunctive analgesia after cesarean delivery while also reducing postoperative inflammation and mood-related complications. 2. Esketamine may be a useful component of multimodal postoperative management in obstetric anesthesia beyond pain control alone. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Postoperative pain following cesarean section is common and closely linked to inflammation, anxiety, depression,
- [Pediatric patients with chronic medical conditions may have higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pediatric-patients-with-chronic-medical-conditions-may-have-higher-risk-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease/) - 1. Children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions have a significantly higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease, particularly those who are immunocompromised or have multiple comorbidities. 2. These findings support strengthening pneumococcal vaccination strategies for older children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions who remain vulnerable despite routine early childhood immunization. Evidence Rating Level: 2
- [Functional recovery after maternal ischemic stroke may be commonly favourable](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/functional-recovery-after-maternal-ischemic-stroke-may-be-commonly-favourable/) - 1. Most women experience good functional recovery after maternal ischemic stroke. 2. Long-term mortality and neurologic morbidity remain significantly higher than in women without pregnancy-related stroke. 3. Vocational outcomes are adversely affected, with higher rates of disability pension use among survivors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Maternal ischemic stroke is a rare but serious complication
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind January 26, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-january-26-2026/) - Comparative effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy and semaglutide for weight loss and metabolic outcomes: a prospective non-randomized study 1. Sleeve gastrectomy produces substantially greater and more durable weight loss than semaglutide over 12 months in patients with obesity. 2. Semaglutide is effective during treatment, but discontinuation frequently leads to clinically significant weight regain, highlighting the need
- [Faster correction of severe hyponatremia reduces death and neurologic events](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/faster-correction-of-severe-hyponatremia-reduces-death-and-neurologic-events/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, faster 24-hour sodium correction rates were associated with lower risk of 90-day death or delayed neurologic events in severe hyponatremia. 2. Higher-risk patients experienced larger absolute benefits, while relative effects were consistent across groups. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Current clinical guidelines recommend slow correction of significant hyponatremia,
- [Sustained participation in hospital-based intervention programs reduces future community violence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sustained-participation-in-hospital-based-intervention-programs-reduces-future-community-violence/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, sustained participation in hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) reduced the risk of future violence, including violent reinjury and violence perpetration. 2. Sustained engagement was associated with higher rates of needs identification and fulfillment compared with participants who engaged with an HVIP within 4 weeks post-injury. Evidence Rating Level: 2
- [Fremanezumab reduces migraine frequency in children and adolescents with episodic migraine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fremanezumab-reduces-migraine-frequency-in-children-and-adolescents-with-episodic-migraine/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial involving pediatric patients, fremanezumab led to greater reductions in the number of migraine days per month versus placebo, consistent with previous trials in adults. 2. Fremanezumab had a favorable safety profile, with the most common adverse event being injection site reactions. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Fremanezumab
- [Illumina’s billion cell atlas tries to solve artificial intelligence's data bottleneck in biology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/illuminas-billion-cell-atlas-tries-to-solve-artificial-intelligences-data-bottleneck-in-biology/) - 1. Illumina’s Billion Cell Atlas aims to standardize massive CRISPR perturbation data to make biological response patterns more learnable for drug discovery models. 2. Even if cell lines are imperfect proxies for patients, consistent large scale perturbation maps could improve early target triage and reduce late stage clinical disappointments. Illumina’s Billion Cell Atlas was introduced
- [Anthropic positions Claude as workflow software for regulated healthcare, not a chatbot](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/anthropic-positions-claude-as-workflow-software-for-regulated-healthcare-not-a-chatbot/) - 1. Anthropic is packaging Claude as a governed healthcare workflow tool aimed at documentation, prior authorization, and other high friction administrative tasks. 2. Hospitals will need continuous monitoring and clear escalation pathways to prevent confident AI errors from entering real clinical processes. Anthropic’s healthcare push in January 2026 is being framed less as a consumer
- [AstraZeneca moves to own multimodal oncology AI with Modella](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/astrazeneca-moves-to-own-multimodal-oncology-ai-with-modella/) - 1. AstraZeneca is acquiring Modella AI to embed multimodal foundation models into oncology R&D and strengthen biomarker driven trial strategy. 2. The practical payoff for clinicians would be cleaner cohort selection and fewer failed studies driven by weak stratification, if the models generalize beyond curated data. AstraZeneca’s move to acquire Modella AI in mid January
- [FDA highlights flexible chemistry manufacturing controls expectations for cell and gene therapies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-highlights-flexible-chemistry-manufacturing-controls-expectations-for-cell-and-gene-therapies/) - 1. New FDA communication introduces a more flexible, risk‑based chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) framework for cell and gene therapies, including phased data submission to support earlier advancement of promising programs. 2. Despite added flexibility, the agency maintains strict expectations for product characterization, potency, and long‑term safety monitoring, especially for therapies with risks such as
- [Ethosuximide may not be effective for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ethosuximide-may-not-be-effective-for-the-treatment-of-abdominal-pain-in-irritable-bowel-syndrome/) - 1. Ethosuximide was not superior to placebo for the treatment of abdominal pain in adults with irritable bowel syndrome. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Previous research suggested that increased activity or expression of T-type channels, particularly the Cav3.2 subtype, in the colonic mucosa contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The Cav3.2 channel
- [NVIDIA and Lilly put $1B behind AI as core drug infrastructure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nvidia-and-lilly-put-1b-behind-ai-as-core-drug-infrastructure/) - 1. NVIDIA and Eli Lilly plan to invest up to $1B over five years in a joint AI lab to tighten the loop between model building and wet lab validation. 2. The clinical relevance is indirect but meaningful, better early discovery and trial decisions could reduce late stage failures and sharpen biomarker driven enrollment. In
- [2MM: AI Roundup – Lilly and NVIDIA’s $1B AI lab, Illumina’s Billion Cell Atlas, AstraZeneca’s Modella deal, and Claude for Healthcare [Jan 19th, 2026]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-lilly-and-nvidias-1b-ai-lab-illuminas-billion-cell-atlas-astrazenecas-modella-deal-and-claude-for-healthcare-jan-19th-2026/) - NVIDIA and Lilly put $1B behind AI as core drug infrastructure During the JPMorgan Healthcare Conference week in mid January 2026, NVIDIA and Eli Eli Lilly announced a plan to invest up to $1 billion over five years in a joint AI lab in the Bay Area. The idea is to colocate pharma scientists with AI
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind January 19, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-january-19-2026/) - Electronic Intervention for Patient-Managed Benzodiazepine Tapering 1. An electronic intervention promoting self-management of benzodiazepine cessation significantly increased the chances of benzodiazepine cessation compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Long-term benzodiazepine use can increase the risk of cognitive decline, falls, and motor vehicle accidents, and increase dependence on benzodiazepines and/or other illicit or nonillicit
- [Berberine is safe and effective in lowering lipoprotein cholesterol levels in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/berberine-is-safe-and-effective-in-lowering-lipoprotein-cholesterol-levels-in-metabolic-dysfunction-associated-steatotic-liver-disease/) - 1. In diabetes-free individuals with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and obesity, berberine is safe, well-tolerated, and associated with a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Berberine, a bioactive alkaloid derived from plants, promotes glucose and fatty acid use, and inhibits de novo lipogenesis,
- [Cast immobilization is non-inferior to surgical intervention in isolated Weber B fractures of lateral malleolus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cast-immobilization-is-non-inferior-to-surgical-intervention-in-isolated-weber-b-fractures-of-lateral-malleolus/) - 1. Cast immobilization is non-inferior to surgical treatment with open reduction and internal plate fixation (ORIF) in the management of isolated Weber B fractures of the lateral malleolus with a congruent mortise on initial radiographs but deemed unstable on external rotation stress testing. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Management of isolated Weber B fractures of
- [Duloxetine is effective in refractory chronic cough](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/duloxetine-is-effective-in-refractory-chronic-cough/) - 1. Duloxetine is significantly more effective than placebo at reducing refractory chronic cough (RCC) frequency and sensitivity. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) 20%-46% of patients with chronic cough, defined as a cough lasting for more than 8 weeks, have RCC, a persistent cough despite thorough investigation and treatment. RCC and its physical and mental sequelae,
- [Effect of high elevation on deep vein thrombosis: a multicenter cohort study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-high-elevation-on-deep-vein-thrombosis-a-multicenter-cohort-study/) - 1. Injuries suffered at high elevations are associated with a significantly higher odds of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) compared to those suffered at low elevations. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Higher altitudes may predispose trauma patients to thrombogenesis through its physiological effects on the body, such as lower partial pressure of oxygen, hemoconcentration alterations,
- [An electronic intervention may increase chances of benzodiazepine cessation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/an-electronic-intervention-may-increase-chances-of-benzodiazepine-cessation/) - 1. An electronic intervention promoting self-management of benzodiazepine cessation significantly increased the chances of benzodiazepine cessation compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Long-term benzodiazepine use can increase the risk of cognitive decline, falls, and motor vehicle accidents, and increase dependence on benzodiazepines and/or other illicit or nonillicit medications. The Eliminating Medications Through Patient
- [Lyme disease is associated with significant health care costs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lyme-disease-is-associated-with-significant-health-care-costs/) - 1. Lyme disease (LD) is associated with substantial health care costs, with per-patient direct costs consistently high across several analytic methods. 2. Disseminated LD drives the majority of costs, with increased medical and out-of-pocket expenses compared to localized disease, and accounts for hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown:
- [One in three people with cystic fibrosis may experience nephrolithiasis during their life](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/one-in-three-people-with-cystic-fibrosis-may-experience-nephrolithiasis-during-their-life/) - 1. Nearly one in three people with cystic fibrosis experienced nephrolithiasis during their lifetime. 2. The degree of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency control was not associated with nephrolithiasis. 3. Potential risk factors for nephrolithiasis include small bowel resection, alcohol use, and low BMI. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) People with cystic fibrosis are more likely to
- [Yartemlea (narsoplimab-wuug) improves platelets hemolysis organ function hematopoietic stem cell transplant–associated thrombotic microangiopathy transplant patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/yartemlea-narsoplimab-wuug-improves-platelets-hemolysis-organ-function-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplant-associated-thrombotic-microangiopathy-transplant-patients/) - 1. Yartemlea (narsoplimab-wuug) is the first on‑label complement inhibitor for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) associated thrombotic microangiopathy, associated with improvements in platelets, hemolysis markers, and organ function in high‑risk transplant recipients. 2. Transplant centers are now incorporating Yartemlea into HSCT‑TMA algorithms, balancing infection and infusion‑related risks against the opportunity to move from purely supportive care
- [Nuzolvence (Zoliflodacin) first oral Gonorrhea treatment shows non-inferior cure rates](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nuzolvence-zoliflodacin-first-oral-gonorrhea-treatment-shows-non-inferior-cure-rates/) - 1. Nuzolvence (zoliflodacin) is the first single‑dose oral agent for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea, showing non‑inferior cure rates to ceftriaxone‑based therapy with mainly mild GI adverse events.​ 2. Stewardship groups recommend using Nuzolvence as an additional option rather than replacing injectables, particularly for patients at high risk of loss to follow‑up or in whom parenteral therapy
- [Brain-penetrant enzyme replacement therapy improves biomarkers in mucopolysaccharidosis type II](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/brain-penetrant-enzyme-replacement-therapy-improves-biomarkers-in-mucopolysaccharidosis-type-ii/) - 1. In this open-label phase 1–2 study, pediatric patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II treated with tividenofusp alfa showed substantial reductions in cerebrospinal fluid and urinary heparan sulfate levels. 2. Adverse events were extremely common, with infusion-related reactions occurring in more than three-quarters of the study population. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Mucopolysaccharidosis type
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind January 5, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-january-5-2026/) - Management of Dyspnea With High-Flow Nasal Air or Fan-A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial 1. In patients with advanced cancer who are not hypoxemic, high-flow nasal therapy using room air and simple fan therapy provide safe, similar, and modest relief of dyspnea. 2. Because both treatments are safe, feasible, and equally effective, the choice of therapy
- [Edaravone dexborneol improves functional independence in patients with acute ischaemic stroke following endovascular thrombectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/edaravone-dexborneol-improves-functional-independence-in-patients-with-acute-ischaemic-stroke-following-endovascular-thrombectomy/) - 1. Compared to placebo, edaravone dexborneol improved functional independence at 90 days in patients with acute ischaemic stroke who underwent endovascular thrombectomy. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Edaravone dexborneol is a novel multitarget brain cytoprotective agent that has shown efficacy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke without reperfusion therapy. It is unclear whether edaravone dexborneol
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind January 12th, 2026](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-january-12th-2026/) - Ethosuximide and Irritable Bowel Syndrome–Related Abdominal Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial 1. Ethosuximide was not superior to placebo for the treatment of abdominal pain in adults with irritable bowel syndrome. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Previous research suggested that increased activity or expression of T-type channels, particularly the Cav3.2 subtype, in the colonic mucosa contributes
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind September 1, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-september-1-2025/) - β-Blocker Use and Health Status Among Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction 1. In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), β-blocker use was not associated with concurrent baseline health status or modification of the health status benefit achieved with spironolactone use at 4 months. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) β-blockers
- [Moderate to severe TBI is associated with elevated malignant brain tumor risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/moderate-to-severe-tbi-is-associated-with-elevated-malignant-brain-tumor-risk/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) was associated with an increased risk of malignant brain tumour development compared to mild TBI and no TBI. 2. Among the TBI group, a larger number of individuals had a mild TBI compared to a moderate to severe TBI. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Serum albumin-to-creatinine demonstrates an inverse and non-linear relationship with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/association-between-serum-albumin-to-creatinine-ratio-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-a-longitudinal-cohort-study-in-non-obese-chinese-individuals/) - 1. In a group of Chinese patients with normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), serum albumin-to-creatinine (sACR) showed an inverse and non-linear relationship with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) NAFLD has been historically considered to result from obesity, yet the prevalence of this disease among non-obese patients is
- [Revumenib may be safe and effective in the treatment of nucleophosmin 1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/menin-inhibition-with-revumenib-for-npm1-mutated-relapsed-or-refractory-acute-myeloid-leukemia-the-augment-101-study-1-in-pretreated-patients-with-nucleophosmin-1-mutated-npm1m-acute-myeloid-leuke/) - 1. In pretreated patients with nucleophosmin 1-mutated (NPM1m) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), nearly half of patients treated with revumenib showed a clinically meaningful response with an overall response rate (ORR) of 46.9%. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) NPM1 is the most common mutation found in adult AML, yet no targeted therapies for patients with NPM1m
- [Use of risankizumab is effective in adult Crohn's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/long-term-outcomes-of-patients-with-crohns-disease-treated-with-risankizumab/) - 1. In adult patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) treated with risankizumab, only 13% of patients experienced treatment failure while 23% of patients required treatment escalation. 2. Treatment failure with risankizumab was associated with penetrating CD. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Risankizumab is a newer therapeutic option approved for the management of CD, with a previous
- [The proportion of gastrointestinal bleeding-related computed tomographic angiography examinations may be rising with a drop in diagnostic yield](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/computed-tomographic-angiography-and-yield-for-gastrointestinal-bleeding-in-the-emergency-department/) - 1. Between the years 2017 and 2023, the proportion of total computed tomographic angiography (CTA) examinations related to gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) increased from 0.09% to 0.7%, yet the diagnostic yield dropped dramatically. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current guidelines suggest the use of CTA as a first-line diagnostic imaging modality for unstable patients with suspected
- [Beta-blocker use is not associated with better or worse baseline health status in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/β-blocker-use-and-health-status-among-patients-with-heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction/) - 1. In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), Beta-blocker use was not associated with concurrent baseline health status or modification of the health status benefit achieved with spironolactone use at 4 months. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Beta-blockers have traditionally been used in the management of HFpEF, yet recent studies have suggested
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind September 8, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-september-8-2025/) - Effectiveness and user experiences of a valgus brace in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A mixed-method randomised controlled trial 1. After six months, valgus brace users reported a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction in knee pain after walking and required fewer pain medications Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This mixed-method randomized controlled trial evaluated the
- [C-peptide levels during oral glucose tolerance test may be a useful biomarker for early detection of gestational diabetes mellitus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pancreatic-beta-cell-secretory-products-in-the-diagnosis-and-risk-stratification-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-a-prospective-longitudinal-cohort-study/) - 1. 30- and 60-minute C-peptide levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 16–18 weeks gestation were significantly elevated in women who later developed GDM, suggesting it may be a useful early biomarker for risk stratification. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This prospective longitudinal cohort study investigated whether pancreatic beta-cell secretory products (proinsulin, insulin,
- [Measurement-based care may result in faster time to response and remission in major depressive disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/measurement-based-care-to-enhance-antidepressant-treatment-outcomes-in-major-depressive-disorder-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Measurement-based care (MBC) significantly accelerates recovery from major depressive disorder, leading patients to achieve response and remission in half the time compared to standard clinical judgment alone 2. MBC facilitates more assertive and effective dosing without increasing side effects Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) In low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Pakistan, where access
- [Measurement-based care may result in accelerated time to response and remission in major depressive disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/measurement-based-care-to-enhance-antidepressant-treatment-outcomes-in-major-depressive-disorder-a-randomized-clinical-trial-2/) - 1. Compared to standard care, measurement-based care resulted in faster time to response and time to remission among adults with major depressive disorder in Pakistan. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing globally, with higher prevalence in low- and middle-income (LMICs) than high-income countries (HICs). Although
- [Implementation of a structure point-of-care ultrasound protocol for patients hospitalized with undifferentiated dyspnea may reduce length of stay](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cardiopulmonary-point-of-care-ultrasonography-for-hospitalist-management-of-undifferentiated-dyspnea/) - 1. Implementing a structured POCUS protocol for inpatients with undifferentiated dyspnea was associated with a 30% reduction in length of stay. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In patients hospitalized with undifferentiated dyspnea, timely differentiation between cardiac and pulmonary etiologies remains challenging. This quality improvement study employed a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design to evaluate a collaborative
- [Midazolam reduces respiratory variability in women with fibromyalgia compared with S-ketamine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effects-of-s-ketamine-and-midazolam-on-respiratory-variability-a-randomized-controlled-pilot-trial/) - 1. Midazolam significantly reduces respiratory variability, leading to a more uniform and less adaptable breathing pattern, which may increase risk in patients with compromised respiratory function. 2. S-ketamine largely preserves respiratory variability, suggesting it may be a safer sedative option for patients who require maintenance of spontaneous breathing. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized
- [Use of a valgus brace may reduce knee pain in knee osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effectiveness-and-user-experiences-of-a-valgus-brace-in-patients-with-knee-osteoarthritis-a-mixed-method-randomised-controlled-trial/) - 1. After six months, valgus brace users with knee osteoarthritis reported a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction in knee pain after walking and required fewer pain medications. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This mixed-method randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness and user experiences of a valgus brace in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind September 15, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-september-15-2025/) - Digital Psychological Intervention for Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial 1. In patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD), digital psychological intervention was associated with improved psychological outcomes and quality of life at 3 months of follow-up. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) are a series of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis
- [Sarcopenia at diagnosis is associated with greater risk of relapse in children with Crohn's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-impact-of-sarcopenia-on-clinical-outcomes-in-pediatric-crohns-disease/) - 1. In children with Crohn’s disease (CD), sarcopenia at diagnosis was associated with a greater chance of relapse in the first year of diagnosis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: CD can cause nutrient malabsorption through several mechanisms, which may lead to the development of sarcopenia. The impact of sarcopenia on outcomes in various
- [Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy, transvaginal mesh and lateral suspension are effective at improving quality of life in patients with advanced apical prolapse](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/comparative-outcomes-of-laparoscopic-lateral-suspension-sacrocolpopexy-and-transvaginal-mesh-for-advanced-apical-prolapse-a-retrospective-cohort-study/) - 1. In a cohort of women with advanced apical prolapse, laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC), transvaginal mesh (TVM), and lateral suspension (LLS) were all effective at improving patients’ anatomy and quality of life. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) involves the descent of pelvic organs due to a weakened pelvic floor. Apical prolapse, which
- [Prenatal arterial ischemic stroke is associated with pregnancy complications in pregnancies with premature monochorionic twins](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/perinatal-arterial-ischemic-stroke-in-monochorionic-twins-a-retrospective-observational-single-center-cohort-study/) - 1. In this group of premature monochorionic twins, prenatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) primarily affects the recipient twin and is associated with pregnancy complications. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Prenatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is a disruption of cerebral blood flow occurring from 20 weeks of gestation until 28 days after birth. PAIS is a
- [Standard and enhanced acupuncture treatments may not improve disability in adults with chronic low back pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/acupuncture-for-chronic-low-back-pain-in-older-adults-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In older adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP), both standard and enhanced acupuncture treatments significantly improved disability compared to usual medical care, with benefits persisting up to 12 months. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, particularly affecting older adults. Traditional treatments such
- [A digital psychological intervention is associated with improved psychological outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/digital-psychological-intervention-for-inflammatory-rheumatic-diseases-a-pilot-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD), digital psychological intervention was associated with improved psychological outcomes and quality of life at 3 months of follow-up. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) are a series of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), which are becoming more prevalent. Women are
- [Time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training may not affect gestational diabetes risk in pregnant individuals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/time-restricted-eating-and-exercise-training-before-and-during-pregnancy-for-people-with-increased-risk-of-gestational-diabetes-single-centre-randomised-controlled-trial-before-the/) - 1. In this cohort of pregnant individuals, time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) did not significantly affect gestational diabetes development. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of high blood sugar diagnosed during pregnancy, driven by factors such as high body mass index (BMI), advanced maternal age, and family history,
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind September 22, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-september-22-2025/) - Lactate-to-albumin ratio and 28 day mortality in hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation: a retrospective cohort study 1. The lactate-to-albumin ratio was an independent predictor of 28-day mortality in hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in critically ill patients. Patients with hypertension and AF
- [Tasimelteon may reduce sleep onset latency in chronic sleep onset insomnia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/melatonin-agonist-tasimelteon-hetlioz-improves-sleep-in-patients-with-primary-insomnia-a-multicenter-randomized-double-blind-placebo-controlled-trial/) - 1. Tasimelteon significantly reduced sleep onset latency from the first night, with improvements maintained over 4 weeks in patients with chronic sleep onset insomnia. 2. The drug was well tolerated, with only mild adverse events reported and no evidence of next-day residual effects, rebound insomnia, or withdrawal Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: This
- [End-stage renal disease is not associated with hospital and non-hospital death within 180 days post-discharge in patients with COVID-19](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adverse-outcomes-post-covid-19-hospitalization-among-esrd-patients-a-retrospective-cohort-study-in-5-california-university-medical-centers/) - 1. Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, end-stage renal disease was not associated with risk for hospital, non-hospital, or overall death within 180 days post-discharge, but was associated with increased risk of 30-day hospital readmission. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Patients receiving hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are known to have a high 30-day readmission
- [Adherence to the planetary health diet is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes and lower greenhouse gas emissions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-association-of-the-planetary-health-diet-with-type-2-diabetes-incidence-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-findings-from-the-epic-norfolk-prospective-cohort-study/) - 1. Higher adherence to the planetary health diet was associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes and greenhouse gas emissions. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been driven by increasing obesity, largely linked to unhealthy diets. The planetary health diet (PHD) has been recommended by the
- [Early augmented blood pressure management may not lead to improved neurological recovery in patients with spinal cord injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-blood-pressure-targets-in-acute-spinal-cord-injury-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Early augmented blood pressure management did not result in better neurological recovery compared with conventional blood pressure management at 6 months in patients with spinal cord injury. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Although spinal cord injury (SCI) guidelines recommend maintaining higher than normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) for 3-7 days post-injury, they are based
- [Half of adults with severe encephalitis requiring intensive care unit care may have poor prognosis at 3 months](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/outcomes-of-critically-ill-adult-patients-with-acute-encephalitis/) - 1. Poor prognosis (disability or death) at 3 months was observed in half of adult patients with severe encephalitis requiring intensive care unit care. 2. 1-year recovery trajectories varied by cause of encephalitis, with autoimmune encephalitis showing more favorable outcomes than others. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Encephalitis is commonly caused by infectious pathogens, but
- [Lactate-to-albumin ratio independently predicts mortality in hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lactate-to-albumin-ratio-and-28-day-mortality-in-hypertensive-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation-a-retrospective-cohort-study/) - 1. The lactate-to-albumin ratio was an independent predictor of 28-day mortality in hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in critically ill patients. Patients with hypertension and AF present with greater clinical severity, which complicates prognosis. As traditional prognostic indicators may not fully capture
- [Dupilumab treatment is associated with improved mortality but increased risk of lymphoma in asthma patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dupilumab-and-lymphoma-risk-among-patients-with-asthma-a-population-based-cohort-study/) - 1. When compared with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus long-acting β-agonists (LABA), dupilumab treatment was associated with an increased risk of lymphoma in asthma patients but also led to lower all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Dupilumab, an interleukin (IL)-4α receptor monoclonal antibody, was initially approved as a treatment for atopic dermatitis and later used
- [Use of etomidate and ketamine is associated with similar rates of peri-intubation hypotension and mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-effect-between-etomidate-and-ketamine-on-peri-intubation-hypotension-in-elderly-patients-in-the-emergency-department/) - 1. There was no significant difference in peri-intubation hypotension (PIH) and 28-day mortality between etomidate and ketamine as a single induction agent in elderly patients. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Peri-intubation hypotension (PIH) is a common complication of tracheal intubation with greater risk in elderly patients given the reductive effects of age-related physiological changes and
- [Left atrial appendage closure is safe and effective in atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/left-atrial-appendage-closure-in-patients-refusing-oral-anticoagulation-the-laac‐refusal-study/) - 1. Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) was well tolerated and may be considered as an alternative to oral anticoagulation (OAC) for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation refusing oral anticoagulation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) While OAC remains the first-line prevention therapy of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, patients sometimes refuse it
- [Use of ammoxetine is safe and effective in adults with major depressive disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/efficacy-and-safety-of-ammoxetine-in-major-depressive-disorder/) - 1. Ammoxetine, a novel SNRI developed from duloxetine, was effective at treating adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and was safe and well-tolerated. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) The World Health Organization estimates that (MDD) will become the primary cause of disability worldwide by 2030. While selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and
- [Use of antioxidants does not improve fertility in men trying to conceive](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/antioxidant-treatment-and-the-chance-to-conceive-in-men-seeking-fertility-care-the-summer-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In a cohort of men trying to conceive, the use of antioxidants did not significantly improve pregnancy rates compared to a placebo. 2. In the “optimal treatment window,” pregnancy rates were significantly lower in the antioxidant group compared to the placebo group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Infertility affects around 10% of
- [Use of fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate may lead to similar efficacy and safety outcomes as use of frozen plasma in trauma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/factors-in-the-initial-resuscitation-of-patients-with-severe-trauma-the-fiirst-2-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Replacing clotting factors with fibrinogen concentrate (FC) and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) versus frozen plasma (FP) did not lead to a significant difference in units of allogeneic blood products used, 24-hour or 28-day mortality, or safety outcomes including thromboembolic events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Acute trauma coagulopathy is a major cause of mortality,
- [Exercise programs may improve upper and lower body strength in normal-weight and overweight postmenopausal women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-short-term-exercise-with-different-programs-on-prevention-of-sarcopenia-in-postmenopausal-women-a-quasi-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. High intensity Interval Training Nordic Walking (HIIT-NW) significantly improves lower limb strength and lean mass, making it a favorable option for normal-weight postmenopausal women. 2. Conventional Strength Training is particularly effective for improving upper body strength and reducing body fat, offering added benefits for overweight individuals. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This quasi-randomized controlled
- [Use of memantine may improve social functioning in youths with autism spectrum disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/memantine-to-treat-social-impairment-in-youths-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Memantine treatment was more efficacious than placebo in improving social functioning in youths with autism spectrum disorder. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: One characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is deficits in social communication and interaction. Research suggests that glutamate, the brain’s primary excitatory neurotransmitter, is dysregulated in individuals with ASD. The
- [An online program combining mindfulness strategies with exercise may be effective for patients with chronic pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/investigating-the-long-term-impact-of-a-programme-of-mindfulness-combined-with-exercise-delivered-online-move-on-individuals-living-with-chronic-pain-an-exploratory-one-year-follow-up-of-a-feasibili/) - 1. An online program combining mindfulness-based stress reduction and exercise, as well as the online self-management guide, both led to modest long-term improvements in pain, function, and psychological well-being, with no significant differences between the two. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This exploratory one-year follow-up of the mindfulness combined with exercise delivered online (MOVE) feasibility
- [Traumatic brain injury may be associated with increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/traumatic-brain-injury-and-risk-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/) - 1. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was associated with a transiently increased amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) risk confined to the two years following injury. 2. The findings likely indicate reverse causality rather than a causal link between TBI and ALS. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This large retrospective cohort study investigated whether TBI increases the risk
- [Surgical and conservative management strategies for acute subdural hematoma are associated with similar functional outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/acute-surgery-vs-conservative-treatment-for-traumatic-acute-subdural-hematoma/) - 1. Across 18 U.S. centers, preference for surgical or conservative management for acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) varied widely but did not affect six-month functional outcomes. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) ASDH is common in patients with TBI, but there remains limited evidence to support the decision between surgery or conservative management in treating patients with
- [Smoking and prior acute pancreatitis attacks are risk factors for poor glycemic control in patients with post-chronic pancreatitis diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glycaemic-control-and-influencing-factors-among-patients-with-post-chronic-pancreatitis-diabetes-mellitus-in-china-a-retrospective-cross-sectional-study/) - 1. Smoking and prior acute pancreatitis attacks independently predict poor glycaemic control in patients with post-chronic pancreatitis diabetes (PPDM-C). 2. Early intervention and smoking cessation should be prioritized to improve metabolic outcomes in this population. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Among patients with chronic pancreatitis, the prevalence of PPDM-C is extremely high, necessitating a more
- [Dupilumab use is associated with lower all-cause mortality but increased risk of lymphoma in asthma patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dupilumab-and-lymphoma-risk-among-patients-with-asthma-a-population-based-cohort-study-2/) - 1. When compared with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus long-acting β-agonists (LABA), dupilumab treatment was associated with an increased risk of lymphoma in asthma patients but also led to lower all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Dupilumab, an interleukin (IL)-4α receptor monoclonal antibody, was initially approved as a treatment for atopic dermatitis and
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind October 13, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-october-13-2025/) - Rate of incident dementia and care needs among older adults with new traumatic brain injury: a population-based cohort study 1. In this cohort of older adults, traumatic brain injury (TBI) in later life was associated with an increased incidence of dementia. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have become increasingly common in
- [A plant and dairy-based protein diet is associated with improved liver disease severity in cirrhosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-effect-of-a-plant-and-dairy-based-protein-diet-on-serum-levels-of-inflammatory-and-oxidative-stress-biomarkers-in-patients-with-liver-cirrhosis-a-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. In a group of individuals with liver cirrhosis, a 12-week diet rich in plant and dairy proteins was associated with improved liver disease severity, even though inflammatory markers and oxidative stress levels did not significantly change. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Cirrhosis is the final stage of all chronic liver disease, marked by liver
- [Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with reduced risk of dyslipidemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/physical-activity-gut-microbiota-and-the-risk-of-dyslipidemia-in-a-community‐based-cohort-study/) - 1. In this cohort of adults, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with a decreased risk of developing dyslipidemia while also promoting gut microbial diversity, while sedentary behaviour was associated with an increased risk. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death globally, and dyslipidemia is a major modifiable
- [A hybrid chatbot may be effective at increasing pneumococcal vaccine uptake in older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/a-hybrid-chatbot-to-promote-pneumococcal-vaccination-among-older-adults-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. This randomized clinical trial found that a hybrid chatbot was more effective than the standard intervention at increasing pneumococcal vaccine (PV) uptake in older adults living in Hong Kong. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) People 65 years or older have an increased risk of pneumococcal disease (PD) and invasive PD (IPD); however, only 35%
- [Use of a mobile self-help application is associated with increased self-esteem and quality of life in individuals with intellectual disabilities](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/self-help-app-for-depression-in-people-with-intellectual-disabilities-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, the use of a smartphone self-help app was associated with increased self-esteem and quality of life, and a decrease in depressive symptoms in individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Intellectual disabilities (IDs) affect a small portion of the population, and around 34% of these individuals
- [Traumatic brain injury in later life is associated with increased risk of dementia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/rate-of-incident-dementia-and-care-needs-among-older-adults-with-new-traumatic-brain-injury-a-population-based-cohort-study/) - 1. In this cohort of older adults, traumatic brain injury (TBI) in later life was associated with an increased incidence of dementia. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have become increasingly common in the elderly population in Canada, particularly those resulting from falls. TBIs are diagnosed when a patient presents after a
- [Sitagliptin may have a protective effect on bone health in women with type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-sitagliptin-vs-placebo-on-bone-mineralization-in-women-with-type-2-diabetes-the-slowdown-sitagliptin-in-diabetes-for-osteoporosis-in-women-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In women with type 2 diabetes (T2D), treatment with sitagliptin was associated with preservation of the total femur T score compared to treatment with placebo, indicating a protective effect on bone health in such patients. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The SLowDOWN randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 132 women with T2D on
- [Ticagrelor may not be superior to twice-daily clopidogrel in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/twice-daily-clopidogrel-vs-ticagrelor-to-reduce-short-term-major-adverse-cardiovascular-events-after-primary-percutaneous-coronary-intervention-the-tadclot-trial/) - 1. At one month, ticagrelor was not superior to twice-daily clopidogrel in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in adult patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) The highest risk period for MACEs after primary PCI for STEMI is in the first month. Both ticagrelor
- [The incidence of ocular manifestations is higher in patients with Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/incidence-of-ocular-manifestation-after-adult-onset-inflammatory-bowel-disease-a-20-year-population-based-cohort-study/) - 1. Among patients with adult-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the incidence of ocular manifestations was 2.9 per 1000 person-years. 2. The incidence of ocular manifestations was higher in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) than ulcerative colitis (UC). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)21 Extraintestinal manifestations are common in patients with IBD, with ocular manifestations such as
- [Ifinatam deruxtecan shows promising efficacy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ifinatamab-deruxtecan-in-patients-with-extensive-stage-small-cell-lung-cancer-primary-analysis-of-the-phase-2-ideate-lung01-trial/) - 1. In patients with previously treated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), treatment with ifinatam deruxtecan (I-DXd) showed promising efficacy with an objective response rate (ORR) of 48.2% and a 9-month overall survival (OS) estimate of 59.1%. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Patients with ES-SCLC currently have a very poor prognosis, with a lack of an
- [A mobile progressive muscle relaxation program may reduce migraine-related disability](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/smartphone-based-muscle-relaxation-for-migraine-in-the-emergency-department/) - 1. Among adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with migraine, a smartphone-based progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) program significantly reduced migraine-related disability compared with usual care. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Migraine is a common cause of ED visits, but over half of these patients do not have a prior migraine diagnosis and preventive management
- [Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events is lowest with glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists among patients with type 2 diabetes being treated with antihyperglycemics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucose-lowering-medication-classes-and-cardiovascular-outcomes-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) was lowest among patients undergoing sustained treatment with glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), followed by sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), sulfonylureas and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) MACEs remain the leading cause of mortality in patients with
- [Prenatal exposure to components of fine particulate matter is associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/exposure-to-components-of-fine-particulate-matter-is-associated-with-risk-of-autism-spectrum-disorder/) - 1. In this cohort of singleton births in Ontario, prenatal exposure to specific components of Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), specifically sulfate (SO42-) and ammonium (NH4+), was associated with an increased autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk, while overall PM2.5 was not. 2. The greatest risk occurred during the second and third trimesters for PM2.5 components, and
- [Increased gut inflammation is associated with greater structural spinal damage in axial spondyloarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/gut-inflammation-is-associated-with-structural-spinal-damage-in-axial-spondyloarthritis-results-from-the-observational-spartakus-cohort/) - 1. Increased gut inflammation, as measured by fecal calprotectin, is significantly associated with greater structural spinal damage in axial spondyloarthritis Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) A significant proportion of patients with axSpA have comorbid inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or elevated inflammation, measured histologically and through fecal calprotectin. Prior studies have identified a link between the
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind Oct 27, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-oct-27-2025/) - Development of a Clinical Prediction Model for Anastomotic Leakage in Colorectal Surgery 1. An integrative machine learning predictive model based on individual base models can accurately predict the incidence of anastomotic leakage (AL) after colon resection. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) AL after colorectal surgery is associated with higher reoperative rates, longer hospital stays, and
- [Screening for acute ischemic stroke using the Los Angeles Motor Scale may be feasible and improve time to imaging](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/code-stroke-of-large-vessel-occlusion-at-triage-improves-candidate-selection-and-workflow-efficiency-of-endovascular-thrombectomy/) - 1. Incorporating acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) screening using the Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) is feasible and reduces time to computed tomography angiography (CTA) and time to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Timely EVT for acute ischemic stroke caused by LVO is critical for patient outcomes. However,
- [Terlipressin is effective in maintaining mean arterial pressure in refractory septic shock but does not improve mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adjunctive-terlipressin-versus-placebo-in-the-treatment-of-refractory-septic-shock-a-randomized-placebo-controlled-trial/) - 1. Terlipressin in the treatment of refractory septic shock is significantly better than placebo at maintaining mean arterial pressure (MAP) but does not improve overall mortality Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Current guidelines for septic shock where hemodynamics are refractory to norepinephrine infusion recommend beginning vasopressin as it raises blood pressure through a non-adrenergic receptor
- [Intensive systolic blood pressure management may reduce hypertension-mediated retinal microvascular damage in patients with high cardiovascular risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-intensive-blood-pressure-lowering-treatment-on-retinal-microvasculature-secondary-analysis-from-esprit/) - 1. Intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) management reduces hypertension-mediated retinal microvascular damage in populations with high cardiovascular risk Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hypertension affects the retinal microvasculature by inducing a spectrum of structural and functional changes collectively termed hypertensive retinopathy. Antihypertensive treatment has been shown to slow the progression of hypertensive retinopathy. However, it
- [A machine learning predictive model accurately predicts the incidence of anastomotic leakage following colon resection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/development-of-a-clinical-prediction-model-for-anastomotic-leakage-in-colorectal-surgery/) - 1. An integrative machine learning predictive model based on individual base models can accurately predict the incidence of anastomotic leakage (AL) after colon resection. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) AL after colorectal surgery is associated with higher reoperative rates, longer hospital stays, and increased morbidity and mortality. Although multiple risk factors correlate with the incidence
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind November 3rd, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-november-3rd-2025/) - Concomitant use of direct oral anticoagulants and interacting antiarrhythmic drugs and the risk of stroke and bleeding among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a multinational cohort study 1. In non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients taking DOACs, adding amiodarone, diltiazem, dronedarone, or verapamil does not increase ischemic stroke risk compared with non-interacting antiarrhythmics. 2. These interacting
- [Prophylactic antibiotics may reduce clinically relevant wound complication risk in women with episiotomies and second-degree tears](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/risk-of-infection-and-wound-dehiscence-after-use-of-prophylactic-antibiotics-in-episiotomy-or-second-degree-tear-repair-study-single-centre-double-blind-placebo-controlled-randomised-trial/) - 1. Prophylactic antibiotics reduced the risk of clinically relevant wound complications but not overall wound complications in women with episiotomies and second-degree tears. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Obstetric tears after vaginal delivery affect millions of women globally every year. Research on prevention and management of healing-related complications is lacking, particularly the role
- [Subcutaneous dexmedetomidine may safely improve refractory pain and delirium in hospice patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/subcutaneous-dexmedetomidine-for-refractory-symptoms-in-a-hospice-inpatient-unit/) - 1. Dexmedetomidine by subcutaneous infusion can safely improve refractory pain and agitated delirium in hospice patients while maintaining rousable sedation 2. It may reduce reliance on high-dose opioids/benzodiazepines and, in some cases, postpone the need for palliative sedation therapy Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This retrospective single-centre chart review from a New Zealand hospice evaluated
- [Regional anesthesia may not impair functional recovery after adolescent ACL reconstruction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/regional-anesthesia-and-functional-outcomes-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-surgery-in-adolescent-patients-society-of-pediatric-anesthesia-improvement-network-spain/) - 1. Regional anesthesia, including combined anterior and posterior blocks, did not impair 6-month functional recovery after adolescent ACL reconstruction. 2. Patient age, sex, early pain control, and preoperative psychological health were stronger determinants of recovery than block type. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Adolescent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) frequently incorporates regional anesthesia, but its
- [Men with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have increased mortality compared with women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/gender-differences-in-clinical-features-comorbidities-and-prognostic-outcomes-in-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis-a-retrospective-cohort-analysis-from-the-british-thoracic-society-interstitial-lung-dise/) - 1. Men with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have a higher comorbidity burden, worse baseline lung function, and shorter survival, with IHD and reduced FVC/DLCO driving mortality. 2. In women with IPF, delayed presentation and impaired gas transfer—rather than FVC—appear to be the dominant prognostic factors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is
- [Use of ticagrelor may provide improved myocardial protection compared to clopidogrel in pharmaco-invasive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/smaller-infarct-size-with-ticagrelor-vs-clopidogrel-in-stemi-patients-insights-from-cardiac-magnetic-resonance/) - 1. Ticagrelor led to a smaller 30-day cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-defined infarct size than clopidogrel in pharmaco-invasive STEMI Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized, open-label BATTLE-AMI trial evaluated whether ticagrelor reduces infarct size compared with clopidogrel in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with a pharmaco-invasive strategy. Adults (n=225) who received tenecteplase within
- [The addition of interacting antiarrhythmics to direct oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation may not increase ischemic stroke risk compared to non-interacting antiarrhythmics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/concomitant-use-of-direct-oral-anticoagulants-and-interacting-antiarrhythmic-drugs-and-the-risk-of-stroke-and-bleeding-among-patients-with-non-valvular-atrial-fibrillation-a-multinational-cohort-stud/) - 1. In non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients taking direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), adding amiodarone, diltiazem, dronedarone, or verapamil does not increase ischemic stroke risk compared with non-interacting antiarrhythmics. 2. These interacting antiarrhythmics do increase major bleeding by about 30%, especially in younger patients and when co-initiated, so closer monitoring or alternative agents should be considered.
- [Diphenhydramine and sodium bicarbonate together may be more effective than diphenhydramine alone in the treatment of peripheral vertigo](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/diphenhydramine-sodium-bicarbonate-or-combination-for-acute-peripheral-vertigo/) - 1. Intravenous diphenhydramine and sodium bicarbonate together are significantly more effective than diphenhydramine alone at reducing the severity of acute peripheral vertigo symptoms. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Vertigo, the sensation that either oneself or the environment is spinning, is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting and represents a common presentation to emergency
- [Patients with gastric cancer may be at higher risk of cardiovascular death](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/risk-of-cardiovascular-mortality-in-patients-with-gastric-cancer/) - 1. In this cohort of patients with gastric cancer, there was a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular death compared with the general population. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Gastric Cancer (GC) remains the fifth highest in both prevalence and mortality for types of cancer worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of 25%. Among these patients,
- [Patients who do not undergo hysterectomy for low-grade endometrial cancer may be at higher risk of death](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hysterectomy-status-and-outcomes-in-patients-with-grade-1-stage-ia-endometrioid-adenocarcinoma/) - 1. In this cohort study, patients with early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer who did not undergo hysterectomy, specifically those from racial and ethnic minorities or age extremes, had significantly higher risks of death from endometrial cancer, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality, compared to those who did. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) For patients with presumed early-stage,
- [Midlife hearing loss is associated with smaller brain volumes and faster decline in executive function](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hearing-loss-brain-structure-cognition-and-dementia-risk-in-the-framingham-heart-study/) - 1. In this cohort study, midlife hearing loss was linked with smaller brain volumes, faster decline in executive function, and a higher risk of developing dementia, particularly in those carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Age-related hearing loss has been linked by studies as a major risk factor for dementia,
- [Human papillomavirus infection is associated with increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease in men](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/risk-of-parkinsons-disease-after-human-papillomavirus-infection-a-nationwide-cohort-study/) - 1. In this cohort, Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was associated with increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD), specifically in men. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder causing motor and non-motor symptoms, leading to reduced quality of life and increased mortality. The disease is mainly driven by the loss
- [Diphenhydramine and sodium bicarbonate may provide greater symptom relief in peripheral vertigo than diphenhydramine alone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/diphenhydramine-sodium-bicarbonate-or-combination-for-acute-peripheral-vertigo-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, combination therapy with diphenhydramine and sodium bicarbonate was associated with decreased vertigo compared to therapy with diphenhydramine alone. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Vertigo is characterized as a spinning sensation that is usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting, leading many patients to seek emergency care. In Taiwan, about 3%
- [Wide-awake local anesthesia without a tourniquet may achieve similar anesthetic success to ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/wide-awake-local-anesthesia-no-tourniquet-walant-versus-ultrasound-guided-axillary-block-in-carpal-tunnel-release-a-non-inferiority-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. For outpatient endoscopic carpal tunnel release, wide-awake local anesthesia without a tourniquet achieves at least the same anesthetic success as an ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block while better preserving immediate hand function and patient comfort. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: This prospective, double-blind, single-center non-inferiority randomized trial compared Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind November 17, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-november-17-2025/) - Vernakalant versus procainamide for rapid cardioversion of patients with acute atrial fibrillation (RAFF4): randomised clinical trial 1. Vernakalant was superior to procainamide for rapid cardioversion of patients with acute atrial fibrillation, with a higher conversion rate and faster times to conversion. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Although procainamide is the most commonly used antiarrhythmic for
- [Body mass index and in-hospital mortality have a U-shaped relationship among critically ill cardiac surgery patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/association-between-baseline-bmi-and-in-hospital-mortality-in-critically-ill-cardiac-surgery-patients-a-retrospective-cohort-study/) - 1. A U-shaped relationship was found between body mass index and in-hospital mortality among critically ill cardiac surgery patients, with an optimistic risk threshold of 25kg/m2. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Cardiac surgery is associated with substantial perioperative mortality, with a greater risk among critically ill patients. Body mass index (BMI) is associated with chronic
- [Self-administered hypnosis may improve hot flashes among postmenopausal women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/self-administered-hypnosis-vs-sham-hypnosis-for-hot-flashes-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Six weeks of self-administered hypnosis reduced hot flash scores and daily interference from hot flashes compared with sham hypnosis among postmenopausal women. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Menopausal hot flashes can lead to adverse health outcomes and decreased quality of life. While therapist-delivered hypnosis has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of
- [Exercise may improve physical function and psychological well-being following COVID-19 infection in adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/resistance-exercise-therapy-after-covid-19-infection-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Resistance exercise for three months improved physical function and psychological well-being among adults after COVID-19 infection. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Long COVID includes symptoms such as breathlessness and fatigue persisting for more than 3 months after COVID-19 infection and can impair physical function. Skeletal muscle mass and function decline from physical inactivity can
- [Aceclofenac and vitamin B complex may be superior to aceclofenac for pain control and functional improvement in painful foot and ankle conditions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vitamin-b-supplementation-enhances-the-efficacy-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-in-patients-with-painful-foot-and-ankle-conditions-a-multicenter-prospective-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. Four weeks of combination therapy with anti-inflammatory drug aceclofenac and vitamin B complex was superior to aceclofenac alone for pain control and functional improvement in patients with painful foot and ankle conditions. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used to treat foot disorders, but their long-term use can result in
- [Vernakalant may be superior to procainamide for rapid cardioversion of acute atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vernakalant-versus-procainamide-for-rapid-cardioversion-of-patients-with-acute-atrial-fibrillation-raff4-randomised-clinical-trial/) - 1. Vernakalant was superior to procainamide for rapid cardioversion of patients with acute atrial fibrillation, with a higher conversion rate and faster times to conversion. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Although procainamide is the most commonly used antiarrhythmic for acute atrial fibrillation in Canadian emergency departments, it has only moderate efficacy (50%), requires a slow
- [Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during breastfeeding is not associated with reduced cognitive performance in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-do-not-affect-cognitive-function-through-breastmilk/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, postpartum selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) use during breastfeeding was not associated with reduced cognitive performance in children. 2. IQ scores were similar among children breastfed with SSRI exposure compared to breastfed without SSRI exposure, and non-breastfed children. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Numerous studies have investigated
- [A novel score is effective at identifying non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients with totally occluded infarct-related artery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/identification-of-nste-acs-patients-with-totally-occluded-infarct-related-artery-the-role-of-the-save-risk-score-in-improved-risk-stratification/) - 1. The novel SAVE risk score is effective at identifying non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients with totally occluded infarct-related artery (IRA-TOCA), potentially guiding timely percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current NSTE-ACS management guidelines recommend antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. However, even in NSTE-ACS patients, coronary angiography reveals 30% of patients
- [Prehospital postintubation hypotension following traumatic brain injury is associated with increased mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prehospital-postintubation-hypotension-and-survival-in-severe-traumatic-brain-injury/) - 1. Prehospital postintubation hypotension after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common and associated with a significantly increased incidence of mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Preventing systemic insults from hypotension, hypoxia, and hypocapnia is key to improving outcomes after TBI. However, a substantial proportion of patients with TBI require prehospital rapid sequence intubation, which can
- [Age-based screening for lung cancer may be more cost-effective and improve detection compared to current screening criteria in the United States](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/age-based-screening-for-lung-cancer-surveillance-in-the-us/) - 1. Current US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening criteria for lung cancer excludes many at-risk individuals and has poor adherence - age-based screening is cost-effective and improves detection. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current USPSTF guidelines for lung cancer screening includes patients aged 50-80 years, have ≥ 20 pack-years, and are currently smoking or
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind December 1st, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-december-1st-2025/) - Efficacy of standard care versus acoustic therapy on acute tinnitus in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a randomized controlled trial 1. For adults with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and acute tinnitus, short-course inpatient personalized acoustic therapy may increase long-term tinnitus remission in patients with severe hearing loss. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Idiopathic sudden
- [Low bicarbonate replacement fluid may lead to a more stable acid-base profile compared with high bicarbonate replacement fluid during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/comparison-of-two-different-bicarbonate-replacement-fluids-during-cvvh-with-rca-a-prospective-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. Low bicarbonate replacement fluid (LBF) leads to more stable pH and HCO3− compared to high bicarbonate replacement fluid (LBF) during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) CVVH (continuous veno-venous hemofiltration) with RCA (regional citrate anticoagulation) causes alkalinization due to the metabolic conversion of citrate to carbonate.
- [The incidence of hypertension and infections may increase with age among patients with ulcerative colitis treated with ozanimod](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/safety-and-efficacy-of-ozanimod-in-patients-with-moderately-to-severely-active-ulcerative-colitis-stratified-by-age/) - 1. Incidence rates of hypertension and opportunistic and serious infections increase with age in patients receiving ozanimod for ulcerative colitis (UC). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Treating older patients with UC is difficult due to an overreliance on corticosteroids and hesitancy in using more advanced therapies due to the increased risk of adverse events such
- [C-reactive protein measurements may be misleading due to large within-person variability](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/within-individual-variation-of-c-reactive-protein-crp-measurements-in-primary-care-a-retrospective-cohort-study/) - 1. Single C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements can be highly misleading due to large within-person variability, especially at higher values; repeat testing and cautious interpretation are essential. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This large retrospective cohort study examined within-individual variation in CRP levels using real-world primary care data from the UK. Because CRP guides diagnostic and
- [Atrial fibrillation risk is high following coronary artery bypass grafting and is low but gradually accumulates following percutaneous coronary intervention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/incidence-of-atrial-fibrillation-after-coronary-artery-bypass-graft-surgery-and-percutaneous-coronary-intervention-a-prospective-2-year-follow-up-observational-study/) - 1. Coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with a very high risk of early new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF), whereas percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) carries a much lower but steadily accumulating risk of atrial fibrillation over the subsequent two years. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) AF is a common arrhythmia in ischemic heart disease, and new-onset
- [Tai chi may be inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of insomnia after 3 months but not after 12 months](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tai-chi-or-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-treating-insomnia-in-middle-aged-and-older-adults-randomised-non-inferiority-trial/) - 1. Tai chi was inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for treating insomnia after the 3-month intervention, but was non-inferior 12 months post-intervention. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Chronic insomnia is among the most common sleep disorders in middle-aged and older adults and has been linked with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, mental
- [Cardiac arrhythmias may be common among hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and no structural heart disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/analysis-of-arrhythmia-and-its-risk-factors-in-patients-with-covid-19/) - 1. In hospitalized adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and no structural heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias were common and were strongly associated with myocardial injury and poor blood sugar control, particularly in patients with diabetes. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is increasingly recognized to cause cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury and
- [Sertraline is associated with a lower risk of opioid overdose compared to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients taking hydrocodone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/opioid-overdose-associated-with-concomitant-use-of-hydrocodone-and-selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors/) - 1. Sertraline appears to be the safest selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) option for patients taking hydrocodone because it is associated with a lower risk of opioid overdose than other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Hydrocodone is widely prescribed for pain and is often co-prescribed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),
- [Short-course personalized acoustic therapy may increase tinnitus remission in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/efficacy-of-standard-care-versus-acoustic-therapy-on-acute-tinnitus-in-idiopathic-sudden-sensorineural-hearing-loss-a-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. For adults with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and acute tinnitus, short-course inpatient personalized acoustic therapy may increase long-term tinnitus remission in patients with severe hearing loss. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss frequently presents with acute tinnitus, yet evidence for acoustic therapy remains limited. This two-stage multicenter trial randomized
- [A biomarker-guided approach to cardioprotection in cancer patients receiving anthracyclines is associated with improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/biomarker-guided-cardioprotection-for-patients-treated-with-anthracyclines/) - 1. An N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)-guided approach to neurohormonal therapy for cardioprotection in patients receiving anthracyclines for breast cancer or lymphoma is safe, feasible, and associated with early improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Anthracyclines are a class of chemotherapy drugs used to treat a wide
- [Home hospital care may be feasible and safe for rural patients requiring hospital-level care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hospital-level-care-at-home-for-adults-living-in-rural-settings-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, home hospital care was both feasible and safe for rural patients needing hospital-level care. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Almost 20% of Canadians live in remote areas where it is difficult to access their nearest hospital. Furthermore, it is predicted that this lack of access will intensify as more
- [Palliative care from a specialist palliative physician is associated with less aggressive end-of-life interventions in young adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/palliative-care-involvement-and-intensity-of-end-of-life-care-among-adolescents-and-young-adults-with-cancer-a-population-based-study/) - 1. In this cohort of adolescents and young adults (AYAs), getting palliative care from a specialist palliative physician is associated with significantly less aggressive end-of-life treatment. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) between the ages of 15-39 years with cancer have unique medical, psychosocial, and financial needs and often experience high
- [Notification of breast density is associated with increased anxiety and confusion](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/impact-of-population-based-breast-density-notification-multisite-parallel-arm-randomised-controlled-trial-in-breastscreen/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, breast density notification was associated with increased anxiety and confusion without helping women feel more informed. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) High breast density, present in about 25–40% of women undergoing mammography, increases breast cancer risk and makes cancers harder to detect. Many countries, including the US and Australia,
- [Arthroscopic subacromial decompression does not provide long-term benefit for subacromial pain syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/arthroscopic-subacromial-decompression-versus-placebo-surgery-for-subacromial-pain-syndrome-10-year-follow-up-of-the-fimpact-randomised-placebo-surgery-controlled-trial/) - 1. This randomized controlled trial found that arthroscopic subacromial decompression does not provide meaningful long-term benefit for subacromial pain syndrome. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) has long been one of the most frequently performed orthopedic procedures for persistent shoulder pain, despite growing evidence suggesting minimal short or medium-term clinical benefit. This
- [Lower vitamin D levels in the second and third trimesters are associated with an increased risk of early childhood caries in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vitamin-d-levels-during-pregnancy-and-dental-caries-in-offspring/) - 1. In this cohort of maternal-child pairs, lower maternal vitamin D levels, especially in the second and third trimesters, are associated with an increased risk of early childhood caries (ECC). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common and serious public health issue, affecting more than half of young children worldwide
- [Drug-related pressure ulcers may be characterised by medication-related characteristics such as polypharmacy and medication changes rather than baseline immobility](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/drug-related-pressure-ulcers-in-hospitalised-patients-a-multicentre-retrospective-study-in-japan-identifying-high-risk-medications-and-patient-characteristics/) - 1. Approximately one in nine hospitalised patients with pressure ulcers met criteria for definite drug-related pressure ulcers (DRPU), characterised by polypharmacy and frequent medication changes rather than severe baseline immobility. 2. Antipsychotic use, medication initiation or dose adjustment, and missed anti-Parkinson’s doses were disproportionately observed in patients with definite DRPUs, highlighting medication management as a
- [Combined gastric electrical stimulation and pyloroplasty may be superior to pyloroplasty alone in refractory gastroparesis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/combined-gastric-electrical-stimulation-and-pyloroplasty-in-gastroparesis/) - 1. Combined gastric electrical stimulation and pyloroplasty was superior to pyloroplasty alone, resulting in greater improvements in symptoms and reduced hospitalization time among patients with refractory gastroparesis. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Gastroparesis is a condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying (GE) in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Patients with gastroparesis who do not respond
- [Low-dose combined hormonal contraceptives may be effective in managing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome without increasing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/impact-of-combined-hormonal-contraceptives-and-metformin-on-metabolic-syndrome-in-women-with-hyperandrogenic-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-and-obesity-the-comet-pcos-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Low-dose combined hormonal contraceptives managed symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) without increasing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among participants with hyperandrogenic PCOS and overweight/obesity. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) have been used as first-line treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) for decades. However, COCP use may increase blood
- [Higher dose extended-release buprenorphine may reduce opioid use in patients with heavy fentanyl use](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/higher-dose-extended-release-buprenorphine-improves-outcomes-in-heavy-fentanyl-use/) - 1. In this randomized double-blind controlled trial, both the 100-mg and 300-mg doses of buprenorphine were effective and well-tolerated, with substantial and rapid reductions in opioid use in a high-risk population. 2. The higher 300-mg maintenance dose provided greater benefit for people with heavy fentanyl use, improving abstinence rates more significantly compared with the 100-mg
- [Tofacitinib may improve patient-reported outcomes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tofacitinib-for-the-treatment-of-juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-patient-reported-outcomes-in-a-phase-3-randomized-double-blind-placebo-controlled-withdrawal-trial/) - 1. Tofacitinib significantly improves patient-reported outcomes compared to placebo in the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor for the treatment of JIA. Apart from clinical and biochemical markers, patient-reported outcomes (PRO; e.g. physical function, physical and psychological well-being, and pain levels) are
- [The use of guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is suboptimal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/contemporary-medical-therapy-for-heart-failure-across-the-ejection-fraction-spectrum-the-optipharm-hf-registry/) - 1. Use of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains suboptimal. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Despite advances in heart failure (HF) management, use of quadruple
- [Pre-maintenance positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone marrow multiparameter flow cytometry are important for prognostication in multiple myeloma treated with daratumumab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prognostic-value-of-premaintenance-fdg-pet-ct-response-in-patients-with-newly-diagnosed-myeloma-from-the-cassiopeia-trial/) - 1. Pre-maintenance positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and bone marrow multiparameter flow cytometry (BM MFC) are associated with better progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) treated with daratumumab. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Previous studies have shown that BM MFC and PET/CT double negativity in patients with multiple myeloma
- [Etomidate is associated with higher in-hospital mortality compared with ketamine in rapid sequence intubation for severely ill patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ketamine-etomidate-and-mortality-in-emergency-department-intubations/) - 1. Etomidate is associated with significantly higher in-hospital 7- and 28-day mortality compared with ketamine in rapid sequence intubation (RSI) of severely ill patients in the emergency department (ED). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) RSI is critical in emergency airway management in critically ill patients. Etomidate and ketamine are favoured induction agents. However, etomidate inhibits
- [An intervention to train emergency department physicians in point-of-care ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia may reduce risk of delirium in patients with hip fractures](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ultrasound-guided-regional-anesthesia-by-emergency-physicians-for-hip-fractures-and-delirium/) - 1. An intervention to increase point-of-care ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (POCUS-GRA) uptake by emergency physicians was safe, effective, and significantly reduced the odds of delirium. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Delirium complicates 20-62% of hip fractures, prolonging hospital stay and increasing mortality. Previous studies have shown that regional anesthesia provides better pain management than parenteral opioid
- [Metformin is associated with lowering maternal hyperglycemia and reducing the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia among pregnant patients at risk of preterm delivery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/metformin-is-associated-with-lowering-maternal-hyperglycemia-and-reducing-the-risk-of-neonatal-hypoglycemia-among-pregnant-patients-at-risk-of-preterm-delivery/) - 1. Among pregnant patients at risk of preterm delivery, metformin was associated with lower mean maternal glucose values and a lower rate of neonatal hypoglycemia in preterm infants compared to the control group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery commonly receive antenatal corticosteroid (ACS), particularly betamethasone, to reduce complications
- [The addition of a carboplatin to standard of care adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival outcomes in patients with high-risk, early-stage triple-negative breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-adjuvant-carboplatin-intensified-chemotherapy-versus-standard-chemotherapy-on-survival-in-women-with-high-risk-early-stage-triple-negative-breast-cancer-citrine-randomised-open-label-p/) - 1. Among patients with high-risk, early-stage triple-negative breast cancer, the addition of carboplatin to a standard anthracycline/taxane adjuvant chemotherapy regimen significantly improved survival outcomes with a reduction in early recurrence risk. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Among the classical subtypes of breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive disease with higher early recurrence than
- [The efficacy 3 months of dual antiplatelet therapy is similar to 12 months in patients with acute coronary syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/three-vs-12-month-dapt-after-implantation-of-biodegradable-polymer-sirolimus-eluting-coronary-stent-a-randomised-clinical-trial/) - 1. 3 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients treated with Firehawk stents was non-inferior to 12 months of DAPT for the primary composite event of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and major bleeding at 18 months. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) With advancements in drug-eluting stents (DES), the incidence of stent thrombosis
- [Neighbourhood socioeconomic status may be associated with days spent at home following hip fracture in older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neighborhood-deprivation-and-days-spent-at-home-after-fall-related-hip-fracture/) - 1. Among older adults with a fall-related hip fracture, residence in an economically deprived area was associated with fewer days spent at home within the 12 months following the fracture. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Among adults over the age of 65, the vast majority of hip fractures are due to a fall. Such injuries
- [Middle-aged and older Canadians at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea may have worse mental health outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-risk-and-mental-health-conditions-among-older-canadian-adults-in-the-canadian-longitudinal-study-on-aging/) - 1. Middle-aged and older Canadian adults at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had worse mental health outcomes than those who were not at high risk of OSA. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Mental health conditions are significant contributors to the worldwide disease burden, with high costs in terms of global productivity. OSA is
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind December 29th, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-december-29th-2025/) - Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk and Mental Health Conditions Among Older Canadian Adults in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging 1. Middle-aged and older Canadian adults at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had worse mental health outcomes than those who were not at high risk of OSA. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Mental health
- [Association between atrial fibrillation and both the in-hospital mortality and disease severity in acute pancreatitis: insights from a multicenter study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/association-between-atrial-fibrillation-and-both-the-in-hospital-mortality-and-disease-severity-in-acute-pancreatitis-insights-from-a-multicenter-study/) - 1. Among patients with acute pancreatitis (AP), a history of atrial fibrillation (AF) was associated with increased disease severity but not in-hospital mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) AP is a condition associated with significant mortality with a rising global incidence in recent years. AF is a cardiac arrhythmia disorder associated with an increased risk
- [A guided mobile application may validly and efficiently assess sarcopenia and frailty in elderly patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/clinical-validation-of-a-frailty-management-mhealth-tool-in-a-cohort-of-community-dwelling-older-adults-the-geras-fit-frailty-app/) - 1. A guided mobile application can validly and efficiently assess frailty and sarcopenia with results comparable to a comprehensive geriatric assessment. 2. The Fit-Frailty App enables standardized, multidimensional frailty assessment by non-specialists within routine clinical workflows. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Frailty and sarcopenia are prevalent, prognostically important geriatric syndromes, yet systematic assessment is limited
- [Late ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction is associated with increased risk of 1-year mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/impact-of-late-ventricular-fibrillation-on-postdischarge-1-year-mortality-of-patients-presenting-with-acute-myocardial-infarction-a-nationwide-retrospective-study/) - 1. Late ventricular fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction is associated with a markedly increased risk of 1-year mortality among patients who survive to hospital discharge. 2. This excess mortality risk is significant in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction but not clearly demonstrated in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Late ventricular fibrillation, defined
- [Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block reduces postoperative visceral pain following laparoscopic hysterectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ultrasound-guided-stellate-ganglion-block-attenuates-early-postoperative-visceral-pain-after-laparoscopic-hysterectomy-a-prospective-randomized-controlled-trial/) - 1. Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block significantly reduces early postoperative visceral pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy. 2. Stellate ganglion block provides an opioid-sparing effect without increasing clinically significant complications. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Postoperative visceral pain remains a major contributor to morbidity after laparoscopic hysterectomy and is often inadequately controlled with standard regional techniques such as
- [Infrapatellar fat pad glucocorticoid injections may not reduce pain or effusion volume in patients with knee osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/infrapatellar-fat-pad-glucocorticoid-injection-in-knee-osteoarthritis/) - 1. Infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) glucocorticoid injections do not significantly reduce pain or effusion volume compared to placebo in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Osteoarthritis is a debilitating condition that leads to physical disability, reduces quality of life, and most commonly affects the knee joint. Intra-articular glucocorticoid injections are reserved
- [The preoperative combination of evolocumab and rosuvastatin may not reduce major adverse cardiovascular events](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-efficacy-of-preoperative-evolocumab-rosuvastatin-combination-therapy-in-patients-with-st-elevation-myocardial-infarction/) - 1. Preoperative evolocumab combined with rosuvastatin did not significantly reduce six-month major adverse cardiovascular events but improved several clinically relevant secondary outcomes. 2. Early intensive lipid-lowering was associated with reduced angina, faster low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction, improved myocardial reperfusion, and attenuated inflammation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Early lipid-lowering and attenuation
- [High-flow nasal therapy with room air and fan therapy provide modest relief of dyspnea in advanced cancer patients who are not hypoxemic](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/management-of-dyspnea-with-high-flow-nasal-air-or-fan-a-randomized-controlled-crossover-trial/) - 1. In patients with advanced cancer who are not hypoxemic, high-flow nasal therapy using room air and simple fan therapy provide safe, similar, and modest relief of dyspnea. 2. Because both treatments are safe, feasible, and equally effective, the choice of therapy should be guided by patient comfort, preference, and ease of use. Evidence Rating
- [A novel validated, imaging-based risk model may predict poststroke epilepsy more accurately than existing tools](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/development-and-international-validation-of-a-novel-imaging-based-risk-score-ischemia-for-the-prediction-of-poststroke-epilepsy/) - 1. The IsCHEMiA score is a validated, imaging-based risk model that more accurately predicts poststroke epilepsy than existing tools across multiple international cohorts. 2. Incorporation of infarct size and hemorrhagic transformation identifies high-risk patients who may benefit from closer monitoring and future antiepileptogenic interventions. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Poststroke epilepsy is a
- [Surgery-induced weight loss may be associated with lower mortality rates in women with obesity but not men](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sex-specific-associations-between-surgery-induced-weight-loss-and-cancer-outcomes-a-post-hoc-analysis-of-the-prospective-controlled-swedish-obese-subjects-study/) - 1. Surgery-induced weight loss was associated with lower cancer incidence and mortality rates in women with obesity, but not men. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Obesity is a risk factor for cancer, and surgery-induced weight loss has been associated with reduced cancer risk and mortality. Although prior studies have found sex differences in surgery-induced weight
- [Baseline cannabis use may not be associated with abstinence from vaping](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cannabis-use-and-nicotine-vaping-cessation-outcomes-a-secondary-analysis-of-a-randomized-clinical-trial/) - 1. Among young adults, baseline cannabis use was not associated with nicotine vaping abstinence. 2. 12 weeks of varenicline were effective for nicotine vaping cessation regardless of cannabis use. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Cannabis use is prevalent among youth who vape nicotine. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nicotine may enhance each other’s addictive properties through shared
- [An elevated Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A ratio may be associated with increased kidney stone recurrence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/elevated-apob-apoa-ratio-is-associated-with-recurrent-kidney-stones-in-a-chinese-adult-population-a-retrospective-propensity-matched-analysis/) - 1. A higher ApoB/ApoA ratio was associated with a higher risk of kidney stone recurrence. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Kidney stone recurrence occurs in approximately one-third of patients after their initial episode. A high ApoB/ApoA ratio in the blood may exacerbate oxidative stress and inflammation that may contribute to stone formation and recurrence. This
- [Aerobic-resistance training and high-intensity interval training may improve metabolic and functional outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/comparative-effects-of-combined-aerobic-and-resistance-training-versus-high-intensity-interval-training-on-insulin-resistance-glycaemic-control-body-composition-and-quality-of-life-in-type-2-diabete/) - 1. 12 weeks of aerobic–resistance training and high-intensity interval training improved metabolic, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with standard care. 2. HIIT was superior for fasting glucose reduction and muscle mass gains, while aerobic–resistance training produced greater improvements in HbA1c, fat reduction, and quality of life. Evidence Rating
- [New model enhances prediction of prostate cancer-specific mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/new-model-enhances-prediction-of-prostate-cancer-specific-mortality/) - 1. In this cohort study, a novel prognostic model was developed to estimate prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) while accounting for other-cause mortality (OCM). 2. This model more accurately stratifies patients’ long-term risk of PCSM after prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening compared with existing calculators, particularly over extended follow-up. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Although
- [Patient and provider characteristics associated with difficult clinical encounters](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-and-provider-characteristics-associated-with-difficult-clinical-encounters/) - 1. In this systematic review, 17% of primary care patients were perceived as difficult by physicians, particularly those with depression, anxiety, personality disorders, or chronic pain. 2. Resident physicians, or those with less experience, higher burnout, or lower job satisfaction, were more likely to perceive patients as difficult. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Large language models (LLMs) substantially improved patient comprehension of discharge summaries](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/large-language-models-llms-substantially-improved-patient-comprehension-of-discharge-summaries/) - 1. Kumar and colleagues assessed LLM’s ability to translate discharge summary notes into plain language to improve patient comprehension. 2. Patients, especially those with limited health literacy, reported greater subjective and objective comprehension of the translated clinical notes. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: Patients often have access to their clinical notes, but many
- [Effect of adjuvant carboplatin intensified chemotherapy versus standard chemotherapy on survival in women with high risk, early stage, triple negative breast cancer (CITRINE): randomised, open label phase 3 trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-adjuvant-carboplatin-intensified-chemotherapy-versus-standard-chemotherapy-on-survival-in-women-with-high-risk-early-stage-triple-negative-breast-cancer-citrine-randomised-open-label-p-2/) - 1. Adjuvant carboplatin intensified chemotherapy was superior to standard chemotherapy in improving survival outcomes in patients with high-risk, early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Although anthracycline-taxane sequential chemotherapy is the standard for adjuvant treatment in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer, approximately 30-40% of patients at high risk still experience disease recurrence.
- [Machine learning models effectively screened for Parkinson’s disease using smile videos](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/machine-learning-models-effectively-screened-for-parkinsons-disease-using-smile-videos/) - 1. Adnan and colleagues evaluated machine learning models’ ability to screen for Parkinson’s disease using self-recorded smile videos. 2. The models achieved high sensitivity and specificity among patient cohorts from the United States (US) and Bangladesh. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder. However, access to clinical
- [Certain cannabis-based products may offer modest reductions in pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/certain-cannabis-based-products-may-offer-modest-reductions-in-pain/) - 1. In this updated systematic review, cannabis-based products with a comparable or high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-to-cannabidiol (CBD) ratio may provide a small reduction in chronic pain severity. 2. However, these products are also associated with an increased risk of common adverse events, including dizziness, sedation, and nausea. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Although opioids
- [Weekly islatravir plus lenacapavir maintains HIV virologic suppression](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/weekly-islatravir-plus-lenacapavir-maintains-hiv-virologic-suppression/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, once-weekly oral islatravir (ISL) plus lenacapavir (LEN) maintained high rates of HIV-1 virologic suppression through 48 weeks, comparable to daily bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) in people with HIV-1. 2. Adverse event rates were similar between groups, and once-weekly ISL plus LEN was not associated with any treatment-related serious adverse events.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-december-22-2025/) - Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia by Emergency Physicians for Hip Fractures and Delirium 1. An intervention to increase point-of-care ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (POCUS-GRA) uptake by emergency physicians was safe, effective, and significantly reduced the odds of delirium. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Delirium complicates 20-62% of hip fractures, prolonging hospital stay and increasing mortality. Previous studies have
- [One dose of human papillomavirus vaccine noninferior to two for preventing persistent infection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/one-dose-of-human-papillomavirus-vaccine-noninferior-to-two-for-preventing-persistent-infection/) - 1. In a large randomized trial of adolescent girls, one dose of either the bivalent or nonavalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was noninferior to two doses in preventing persistent high-risk HPV infections over five years. 2. Vaccine effectiveness for preventing persistent high-risk HPV infection was above ninety-five percent for both one- and two-dose groups, with
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind December 15, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-december-15-2025/) - Impact of combined hormonal contraceptives and metformin on metabolic syndrome in women with hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity: The COMET-PCOS randomized clinical trial 1. Low-dose combined hormonal contraceptives managed symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome without increasing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among participants with hyperandrogenic PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) and overweight/obesity. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Positive lung cancer screens frequently receive suboptimal follow-up](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/positive-lung-cancer-screens-frequently-receive-suboptimal-follow-up/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, most patients with a positive lung cancer screening result received guideline-concordant follow-up, though nearly one-third received less-than-recommended care. 2. Invasive procedures were performed in a small proportion of patients who did not ultimately receive a lung cancer diagnosis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)
- [Duration-based lung cancer screening may reduce racial disparities in eligibility](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/duration-based-lung-cancer-screening-may-reduce-racial-disparities-in-eligibility/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, duration-based criteria reduced racial disparities in lung cancer screening eligibility, increasing access for minority groups compared with current US guidelines. 2. Duration-based criteria increased six-year lung cancer detection sensitivity across all racial groups, although specificity declined. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: The 2021 US Preventive Services Task
- [Bisphosphonates may reduce short-term pain in complex regional pain syndrome ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/bisphosphonates-may-reduce-short-term-pain-in-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, bisphosphonates may reduce short-term (> 4 weeks to 3 months) pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) but appear less effective in the immediate (≤4 weeks) or medium-term (>3 to 6 months) periods. 2. Bisphosphonates may increase the risk of adverse events, particularly arthralgia and myalgia, but do
- [Reducing saturated fat decreases mortality in high-risk individuals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/reducing-saturated-fat-decreases-mortality-in-high-risk-individuals/) - 1. In this systematic review, reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) showed possible benefit for mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke, but only in individuals with high baseline cardiovascular risk. 2. Reducing SFA intake was associated with decreased levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [Nucleoside-modified mRNA influenza vaccine more effective than standard shot in adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nucleoside-modified-mrna-influenza-vaccine-more-effective-than-standard-shot-in-adults/) - 1. A nucleoside-modified mRNA (modRNA) influenza vaccine showed greater protection against influenza-like illness compared to a standard inactivated vaccine in adults. 2. The modRNA vaccine triggered stronger immune responses to influenza A strains, while immune response to influenza B strains was less robust. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Influenza continues to represent a
- [Integrating methadone into primary care improves care quality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/integrating-methadone-into-primary-care-improves-care-quality/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, integrating opioid agonist therapy (OAT) into primary care improved guideline-concordant health care while maintaining retention rates comparable to specialty methadone clinics among Ukrainians with opioid use disorder (OUD). 2. In both primary care and specialty clinic settings, the proportion of participants receiving optimal methadone doses (>85 mg) increased over
- [Extended incubation period identified in novel mpox strain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/extended-incubation-period-identified-in-novel-mpox-strain/) - 1. This surveillance study suggests that the incubation period of mpox virus (MPXV) clade Ib may be slightly longer than that of other subclades, based on data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). 2. Incubation periods were shorter for cases likely acquired through sexual transmission compared with non-sexual transmission. Evidence Rating Level: 3
- [GLP-1 receptor agonists show little effect on obesity-related cancer risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glp-1-receptor-agonists-show-little-effect-on-obesity-related-cancer-risk/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) was not associated with a significant change in the risk of thyroid, pancreatic, breast, or kidney cancer. 2. Findings were consistent across subgroups, including by follow-up duration and among trials enrolling patients with type 2 diabetes, overweight or obesity, or both
- [Similar outcomes between lactated Ringer’s and normal saline for hospitalized patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/similar-outcomes-between-lactated-ringers-and-normal-saline-for-hospitalized-patients/) - 1. Among randomized hospitalized patients in this trial, routine use of lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution did not reduce the risk of death or re-hospitalization compared to normal saline (NS). 2. No serious adverse events associated with either intervention were reported. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Crystalloid fluids, most commonly LR and NS, are
- [Adjunct corticosteroids likely reduce short-term mortality in severe non-COVID-19 pneumonia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adjunct-corticosteroids-likely-reduce-short-term-mortality-in-severe-non-covid-19-pneumonia/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, adjunct corticosteroids likely reduce short-term mortality in patients with severe non-COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. 2. Corticosteroids appear to have little to no impact on hospital-acquired infections or secondary pneumonia in both severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Neighborhood exposure to cannabis stores increases cannabis-related emergency department visits](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neighborhood-exposure-to-cannabis-stores-increases-cannabis-related-emergency-department-visits/) - 1. In this quasi-experimental study, Ontario neighbourhoods with cannabis stores experienced relatively higher rates of cannabis-related emergency department (ED) visits. 2. Neighborhoods with more cannabis stores experienced greater increases in cannabis-related ED visits. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: While higher densities of alcohol and tobacco outlets are linked to greater health harms, evidence
- [Advance care planning interventions increase electronic health record documentation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/advance-care-planning-interventions-increase-electronic-health-record-documentation/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, seriously ill patients without an advance directive or POLST were more likely to have ACP documented in the EHR when given automated interventions, mailed materials, clinician training, and navigator support. 2. Improved ACP documentation did not affect patients’ use of healthcare services such as ED visits, hospitalizations, or ICU
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind November 24, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-november-24-2025/) - Safety and Efficacy of Ozanimod in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis Stratified by Age 1. Incidence rates of hypertension and opportunistic and serious infections increase with age in patients receiving ozanimod for ulcerative colitis (UC). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Treating older patients with UC is difficult due to an overreliance on
- [Dulaglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide exhibit comparable gastrointestinal adverse event risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dulaglutide-semaglutide-and-tirzepatide-exhibit-comparable-gastrointestinal-adverse-event-risk/) - 1. In this cohort study, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide demonstrated similar risks of gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). 2. All three agents were associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal AEs, particularly motility-related events, compared with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: GLP-1 receptor
- [CBT, Behavioral Activation, and IPT Reduce Perinatal Depressive Symptoms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cbt-behavioral-activation-and-ipt-reduce-perinatal-depressive-symptoms/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavioral activation, and interpersonal therapy (IPT) were more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing depressive symptoms in individuals with perinatal depression. 2. The interventions showed variable effects on anxiety, recovery rates, and parent-infant bonding, with insufficient evidence often limiting definitive conclusions. Evidence
- [Albuminuria shows a stronger association with kidney failure than proteinuria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/albuminuria-shows-a-stronger-association-with-kidney-failure-than-proteinuria/) - 1. In this individual-level meta-analysis, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) had a stronger association with increased risk of kidney failure when compared with urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR). 2. The association between UPCR and increased risk of cardiovascular death was stronger compared with UACR, although UPCR and UACR were similarly associated with increased risk of other cardiovascular
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind November 10th, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-november-10th-2025/) - Diphenhydramine, Sodium Bicarbonate, or Combination for Acute Peripheral Vertigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial 1. In this randomized clinical trial, combination therapy with diphenhydramine and sodium bicarbonate was associated with decreased vertigo compared to therapy with diphenhydramine alone. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Vertigo is characterized as a spinning sensation that is usually accompanied by nausea
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Breakthrough ALS gene therapy, new adult pneumonia vaccine, needle-free obesity treatment, and Pfizer’s business overhaul [October 28, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-breakthrough-als-gene-therapy-new-adult-pneumonia-vaccine-needle-free-obesity-treatment-and-pfizers-business-overhaul-october-23-2025/) - Amryta’s Sodesta gene therapy gains accelerated approval for ALS The Food and Drug Administration has granted accelerated approval to Sodesta, a one-time gene therapy targeting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by SOD1 mutations. The treatment uses an intrathecal AAV vector to suppress the toxic protein driving motor neuron degeneration. In pivotal studies, Sodesta slowed functional decline
- [Paclitaxel-coated devices do not reduce rates of major amputations in chronic limb-threatening ischemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/paclitaxel-coated-devices-do-not-reduce-rates-of-major-amputations-in-chronic-limb-threatening-ischemia/) - 1. All-cause mortality and reduction in major amputations were similar between groups. 2. The rate of target vessel reintervention was similar in paclitaxel-coated and uncoated devices groups at 5 years. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Drug-coated devices are commonly used in coronary and peripheral artery interventions, but their impact on amputation risk in
- [Clopidogrel monotherapy is superior to aspirin for secondary prevention in coronary artery disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/clopidogrel-monotherapy-is-superior-to-aspirin-for-secondary-prevention-in-coronary-artery-disease/) - 1. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were significantly reduced with clopidogrel compared to aspirin alone. 2. There was no significant difference between groups regarding risk of bleeding. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Aspirin has been recommended to be used indefinitely in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the comparative efficacy of
- [Influenza vaccination improves survival and reduces readmissions in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/influenza-vaccination-improves-survival-and-reduces-readmissions-in-patients-hospitalized-for-acute-heart-failure/) - 1. All-cause mortality and hospital readmissions were significantly decreased with influenza vaccination compared to usual care. 2. Significantly fewer adverse events were reported in the influenza vaccination group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Influenza vaccination is recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality for patients with chronic conditions, such as heart failure. This randomized
- [Endoscopic sinus surgery improves quality of life compared with clarithromycin and placebo in chronic rhinosinusitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/endoscopic-sinus-surgery-improves-quality-of-life-compared-with-clarithromycin-and-placebo-in-chronic-rhinosinusitis/) - 1. Patients in the endoscopic sinus surgery group reported lower SNOT-22 scores at 6 months, suggesting improved quality-of-life metrics. 2. Serious adverse events were comparable across all groups with no fatalities reported. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Chronic rhinosinusitis is typically treated with endoscopic sinus surgery or prolonged antibiotics, but there is limited
- [Mediterranean diet may be effective for managing IBS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mediterranean-diet-may-be-effective-for-managing-ibs/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, a higher percentage of adults following a Mediterranean diet achieved clinical response to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared with adults following traditional dietary advice. 2. A Mediterranean Diet was also associated with better diet adherence. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Up to one-tenth of the population is
- [Longer bouts of exercise may be associated with decreased mortality and cardiovascular disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/longer-bouts-of-exercise-may-be-associated-with-decreased-mortality-and-cardiovascular-disease/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, cumulative all-cause mortality and risk for cardiovascular disease were lower among adults who accumulated most of their steps in longer bouts of exercise, independently of step count. 2. Stronger associations between bout length and outcomes were seen among sedentary individuals with fewer than 5000 daily steps. Evidence Rating Level:
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind October 20, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-october-20-2025/) - Glucose-Lowering Medication Classes and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes 1. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) was lowest among patients undergoing sustained treatment with glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), followed by sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), sulfonylureas and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is). Evidence Rating Level:
- [Increasing cancer incidence rates in younger and older adults worldwide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increasing-cancer-incidence-rates-in-younger-and-older-adults-worldwide/) - 1. In this surveillance study, the incidence rates of several cancers increased among both younger and older adults in many of the countries studied. 2. Colorectal cancer was the only cancer type studied which showed consistent increases in younger adults but did not have as clear of an effect in older adults. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Work effort and time expenditure of primary care physicians](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/work-effort-and-time-expenditure-of-primary-care-physicians/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, primary care physicians were estimated to spend over sixty hours per week managing a full-time patient panel. 2. Factors associated with increased time per patient included part-time work, higher patient complexity, percentage of Medicaid patients, and medical advice request volume. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: Recent decades have
- [Federal Drug Administration approves Alzheimer’s blood test for use in primary care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-approves-alzheimers-blood-test-for-use-in-primary-care/) - 1. The FDA has cleared the first Alzheimer’s blood test for community use, marking a pivotal step toward earlier and less invasive diagnosis. 2. Roche and Lilly’s Elecsys pTau181 assay achieved a 97.9 percent negative predictive value and could screen over one million Americans within its first year. The FDA has approved a new blood
- [World Health Organization warns that one in six infections now antibiotic resistant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/world-health-organization-warns-that-one-in-six-infections-now-antibiotic-resistant/) - 1. A new WHO analysis finds one in six bacterial infections worldwide is now resistant to standard antibiotics. 2. Resistance rates are climbing between 5 and 15 percent annually, threatening the safety of surgery, chemotherapy, and intensive care worldwide. The World Health Organization has issued one of its starkest warnings to date about antimicrobial resistance,
- [New York confirms first locally acquired chikungunya case in six years](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/new-york-confirms-first-locally-acquired-chikungunya-case-in-six-years/) - 1. New York has confirmed the first locally transmitted chikungunya infection in the United States since 2019. 2. Climate shifts and expanding Aedes mosquito habitats are driving a steady rise in tropical virus exposure across temperate regions. Public health officials in New York have confirmed that a Nassau County resident tested positive for chikungunya virus,
- [Center of Disease Control layoffs raise alarm over surveillance and preparedness](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/center-of-disease-control-layoffs-raise-alarm-over-surveillance-and-preparedness/) - 1. The CDC has laid off roughly 1,300 employees as part of a sweeping restructuring, later reinstating about half amid backlash. 2. Public health experts warn that shrinking surveillance capacity during rising disease activity could undermine national outbreak response. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is under intense scrutiny after thousands of layoffs reshaped
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: FDA clears Alzheimer’s blood test, WHO warns of antibiotic resistance, New York confirms chikungunya case, and CDC layoffs raise concern](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-leucovorin-autism-update-oura-ring-fda-scrutiny-lilly-oral-glp-1-trial-and-florida-vaccine-mandate-repeal-2/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. FDA approves Alzheimer’s blood test for use in primary care The FDA just cleared a new blood diagnostic for Alzheimer’s developed by Roche and Lilly to help screen patients earlier in primary care. The Elecsys pTau181
- [Multidomain rehabilitation after myocardial infarction improves outcomes in older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/multidomain-rehabilitation-after-myocardial-infarction-improves-outcomes-in-older-adults/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, a multidomain rehabilitation program significantly reduced cardiovascular death and unplanned cardiac hospitalizations in older adults post-myocardial infarction (MI). 2. Program adherence was high, with 75% of participants in the intervention group completing the prescribed rehabilitation. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Cardiac rehabilitation programs are integral to post–MI
- [Aficamten is superior to metoprolol in the management of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/aficamten-is-superior-to-metoprolol-in-the-management-of-obstructive-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/) - 1. In this randomized trial, aficamten monotherapy led to greater improvements in exercise capacity compared to metoprolol in patients with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). 2. Aficamten also provided broader benefits across symptoms, quality of life, and heart structure and function, with a safety profile similar to metoprolol. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Limiting antihypertensive use does not reduce mortality in nursing home residents with frailty](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/limiting-antihypertensive-use-does-not-reduce-mortality-in-nursing-home-residents-with-frailty/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, among older nursing home residents with frailty who were being treated for hypertension with at least two antihypertensive agents, an antihypertensive medication step-down strategy was not found to have a significant effect on all-cause mortality. 2. Secondary outcomes, including major adverse cardiovascular events and measures of functional capacity, were
- [Digitoxin improves outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/digitoxin-improves-outcomes-in-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction/) - 1. Among patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure already on guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), digitoxin lowered all-cause mortality and hospital admission for heart failure progression compared to placebo. 2. Digitoxin was associated with a small increase in serious adverse events compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Cardiac glycosides, namely digoxin and
- [Recombinant zoster vaccine may be effective in older adults, including the immunocompromised](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/recombinant-zoster-vaccine-may-be-effective-in-older-adults-including-the-immunocompromised/) - 1. In this analysis of target trial emulations, at least one dose of the recombinant zoster vaccine was effective in older adults, including immunocompromised adults. 2. Administration of a second dose of the vaccine was found to confer additional effectiveness against any herpes zoster outcome. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The adjuvanted two-dose
- [Increasing rates of physician attrition across the United States](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increasing-rates-of-physician-attrition-across-the-united-states/) - 1. In this nationwide longitudinal analysis, attrition rates increased among physicians of all sexes and across all practice settings and specialties. 2. Female physicians and those in rural locations were among the most likely to leave clinical practice entirely. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: There is projected to be a shortage of over
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind October 6, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-october-6-2025/) - Glycaemic control and influencing factors among patients with post-chronic pancreatitis diabetes mellitus in China: a retrospective cross-sectional study 1. Smoking and prior acute pancreatitis attacks independently predict poor glycaemic control in patients with post-chronic pancreatitis diabetes (PPDM-C). 2. Early intervention and smoking cessation should be prioritized to improve metabolic outcomes in this population. Evidence Rating
- [Artificial intelligence (AI) may reduce cognitive load for sonographers in fetal ultrasound scans without affecting diagnostic performance](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-ai-assistance-demonstrates-potential-in-reducing-cognitive-load-for-sonographers-in-fetal-ultrasound-scans-without-affecting-diagnostic-performance/) - 1. Day and colleagues randomized sonographers to scan pregnant participants with AI assistance or the standard method for congenital heart disease screening. 2. AI-assisted scans demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity to standard scans, while being significantly shorter in duration. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Fetal anomaly ultrasound (US) screening is a common method
- [Juror perception of radiologist liability can be affected by artificial intelligence (AI) use in diagnosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/juror-perception-of-radiologist-liability-can-be-affected-by-artificial-intelligence-ai-use-in-diagnosis/) - 1. Bernstein and colleagues evaluated potential jurors’ perception of culpability of a radiologist in a hypothetical false-negative diagnosis malpractice case. 2. An increased perception of liability was found if the AI found a positive result. Liability perception was lower if data regarding AI precision was presented. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: AI advancements
- [Body composition measures from magnetic resonance imaging scans may be associated with adverse health outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/body-composition-estimates-from-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scans-may-be-associated-with-adverse-health-outcomes/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, an artificial intelligence tool was used to segment magnetic resonance imaging scans into body composition compartments including subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. 2. Visceral adiposity and skeletal muscle fat fraction were found to be associated with risk of diabetes mellitus and major adverse cardiovascular events.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind September 29, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-september-29-2025/) - Factors in the Initial Resuscitation of Patients With Severe Trauma: The FiiRST-2 Randomized Clinical Trial 1. Replacing clotting factors with fibrinogen concentrate (FC) and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) versus frozen plasma (FP) did not lead to a significant difference in units of allogeneic blood products used, 24-hour or 28-day mortality, or safety outcomes including thromboembolic
- [The Yang-Tobin Index: A Key Predictor for Successful Extubation in Critical Care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-yang-tobin-index-a-key-predictor-for-successful-extubation-in-critical-care/) - Why the Yang-Tobin Index Matters Determining the right time to extubate a critically ill patient remains one of the most challenging decisions in intensive care units (ICUs). The Yang-Tobin index, also known as the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI), provides a straightforward bedside measure by dividing respiratory rate by tidal volume in liters. Since its
- [SOAP II Trial: Shaping Vasopressor Choice in Septic Shock](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/soap-ii-trial-shaping-vasopressor-choice-in-septic-shock/) - Why SOAP II Remains Important Septic shock requires timely resuscitation, and vasopressor selection is a critical piece of management. The SOAP II trial (Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients II) remains one of the most influential studies comparing dopamine and norepinephrine as first-line vasopressors. Its findings directly impacted guidelines and continue to inform everyday decisions
- [DAWN Trial: Redefining the Treatment Window for Stroke Thrombectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dawn-trial-redefining-the-treatment-window-for-stroke-thrombectomy/) - Why DAWN Changed Stroke Care The DAWN trial (DWI or CTP Assessment with Clinical Mismatch in the Triage of Wake-Up and Late-Presenting Strokes Undergoing Neurointervention with Trevo) redefined the timeline for treating ischemic stroke. By demonstrating that carefully selected patients could still benefit from thrombectomy up to 24 hours after symptom onset, DAWN shifted the
- [CASPer Exam: Transforming Medical School Admissions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/casper-exam-transforming-medical-school-admissions/) - Why CASPer Matters The CASPer exam (Computer-Based Assessment for Sampling Personal Characteristics) has become an increasingly common requirement in medical school admissions. Unlike grade point average (GPA) or the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), CASPer assesses noncognitive skills such as empathy, professionalism, and ethical reasoning, reflecting a growing emphasis on holistic admissions. Evidence to Date
- [Lilly unveils TuneLab AI platform for biotechs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lilly-unveils-tunelab-ai-platform-for-biotechs/) - 1. Lilly launched TuneLab on September 9, 2025, giving biotechs access to AI models trained on more than $1 billion in data. 2. The platform enables collaboration while protecting proprietary datasets, with Circle Pharma and insitro already on board. On September 9, 2025, Eli Lilly officially unveiled TuneLab, a federated AI platform that provides smaller
- [AI bandage cuts wound healing time in new study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ai-bandage-cuts-wound-healing-time-in-new-study/) - 1. On September 24, 2025, researchers reported that an AI bandage called a-Heal sped wound healing by 25 percent in preclinical tests. 2. The device adapts treatment in real time, offering new hope for patients with chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcers. Researchers, on September 24, 2025, announced a breakthrough with an AI-enabled bandage called
- [Punjab launches AI screening program this week](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/punjab-launches-ai-screening-program-this-week/) - 1. Punjab launched India’s first large-scale AI screening program for cancer and eye disease. 2. The initiative aims to perform 900 screenings daily across rural districts, with physicians verifying all AI results. On September 18, 2025, the government of Punjab launched an AI-enabled screening initiative for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and vision impairment across eight
- [2MM: AI Roundup –Lilly launches TuneLab AI drug discovery, smart wound healing bandage, and Punjab cancer screening [September 25th, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-lilly-launches-tunelab-ai-drug-discovery-smart-wound-healing-bandage-and-punjab-cancer-screening-september-25th-2025/) - Lilly unveils TuneLab AI platform for biotechs On September 9, 2025, Eli Lilly officially unveiled TuneLab, a federated AI platform that provides smaller biotech firms access to models built on more than $1 billion worth of Lilly’s internal R&D data. This news, announced just two weeks ago, is already generating debate about collaboration versus competition
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Leucovorin autism update, Oura Ring FDA scrutiny, Lilly oral GLP-1 trial, and Florida vaccine mandate repeal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-leucovorin-autism-update-oura-ring-fda-scrutiny-lilly-oral-glp-1-trial-and-florida-vaccine-mandate-repeal/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Leucovorin and acetaminophen in the autism spotlight The FDA announced this week that leucovorin calcium will be available for children with cerebral folate deficiency, a rare disorder that interferes with folate transport into the brain and
- [2MM: AI Roundup –Dermatology accuracy, faster drug discovery, heart disease detection, and global medical training [September 11th,  2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-dermatology-accuracy-faster-drug-discovery-heart-disease-detection-and-global-medical-training-september-11th-2025/) - Google’s AI matches dermatologists in melanoma diagnosis England’s health service is piloting an artificial intelligence tool called Deep Ensemble for Recognition of Malignancy, abbreviated as DERM, across multiple hospitals as part of a three-year trial program, reported on August 27 in Nature. The system analyzes skin lesion images and triages which patients should be prioritized
- [Tylenol in the Spotlight: Pregnancy, Autism, and Evolving Guidance on Acetaminophen use](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tylenol-in-the-spotlight-pregnancy-autism-and-evolving-guidance-on-acetaminophen-use/) - Why Tylenol is Trending This Week Acetaminophen, widely known under the brand name Tylenol, has become a focal point of public and professional debate after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on September 22, 2025 that it will begin updating product labels to include warnings about a possible association between prenatal use and
- [Trends in firearm-related hospitalizations and deaths in New Zealand](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/trends-in-firearm-related-hospitalizations-and-deaths-in-new-zealand/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, firearm-related deaths in New Zealand were found to have decreased over time and were most commonly due to suicide. 2. Conversely, firearm-related hospitalizations were most commonly due to accidental injuries, with males, Māori, and lower-income individuals being more likely to be hospitalized. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown:
- [Staffing and clinical impacts of private equity acquisition of hospitals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/staffing-and-clinical-impacts-of-private-equity-acquisition-of-hospitals/) - 1. In this matched difference-in-differences analysis, hospitals acquired by private equity firms had lower hospital-wide salary expenditures compared with hospitals not acquired by private equity. 2. Compared with non-private equity hospitals, private equity hospitals also experienced increased emergency department mortality and transfers to other acute care hospitals post-acquisition. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown:
- [Home-based app may improve quality of life among patients with incurable cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/home-based-app-may-improve-quality-of-life-among-patients-with-incurable-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized trial, a home-based palliative educational app improved health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among homebound patients with incurable cancer. 2. The app was also associated with improved anxiety outcomes. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Although palliative care plays an important role in the care of patients with incurable cancer, challenges
- [Steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists show little mortality benefit in patients receiving dialysis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/steroidal-mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists-show-little-mortality-benefit-in-patients-receiving-dialysis/) - 1. Cardiovascular mortality and heart failure-related hospitalization were slightly less in the steroidal MRA group, though there was no statistical significance. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are known to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure and mild-to-moderate kidney disease. Yet, their role in patients with kidney failure
- [Spironolactone does not reduce cardiovascular events in patients receiving maintenance dialysis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/spironolactone-does-not-reduce-cardiovascular-events-in-patients-receiving-maintenance-dialysis/) - 1. Cardiovascular mortality and heart failure-related hospitalization were similar in both groups. 2. There was no statistically significant difference between spironolactone and placebo for all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients on long-term dialysis for kidney failure face a high risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA),
- [Efruxifermin improves fibrosis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/efruxifermin-improves-fibrosis-in-patients-with-metabolic-dysfunction-associated-steatohepatitis/) - 1. Efruxifermin 50 mg once-weekly significantly improved fibrosis at 96 weeks versus placebo. 2. MASH resolution without worsened fibrosis was greater in the efruxifermin group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Efruxifermin is a fibroblast growth factor analogue used for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Patients with MASH and advanced fibrosis have
- [Samsung BioLogics lands $1.3 billion U.S. contract amid tariff uncertainty](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/samsung-biologics-lands-1-3-billion-u-s-contract-amid-tariff-uncertainty/) - 1. $1.3 billion contract through 2029 makes this one of Samsung BioLogics’ largest agreements. 2. Expansion plans to nearly 1 million liters of capacity highlight surging global CDMO demand. Samsung BioLogics has signed a contract worth about 1.8 trillion won, equal to 1.3 billion U.S. dollars, with an American pharmaceutical partner under terms extending through
- [Wegovy survey finds decline in constant food thoughts and improved well being](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/wegovy-survey-finds-decline-in-constant-food-thoughts-and-improved-well-being/) - 1. Survey of 550 adults found a 46 percent reduction in constant food thoughts after starting Wegovy. 2. 64 percent of participants reported improved mental well being, suggesting benefits beyond weight loss. A survey of 550 adults presented at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes reported that constant food thoughts dropped from 62
- [Corstasis’ Enbumyst nasal spray approved for edema](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/corstasis-enbumyst-nasal-spray-approved-for-edema/) - 1. First intranasal loop diuretic approved by the FDA for heart, kidney, and liver disease patients. 2. Clinical trials showed comparable efficacy to intravenous dosing with more convenient outpatient use. The Food and Drug Administration has approved Enbumyst, a bumetanide nasal spray, for adults with edema caused by congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup: Enbumyst Nasal Spray Approval, FDA Targets Drug Ads, Samsung BioLogics Contract, Wegovy Mental Health Benefits [September 17 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-enbumyst-nasal-spray-approval-fda-targets-drug-ads-samsung-biologics-contract-wegovy-mental-health-benefits-september-18-2025/) - Corstasis’ Enbumyst nasal spray approved for edema The Food and Drug Administration has approved Enbumyst, a bumetanide nasal spray, for adults with edema linked to congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and liver disease, making it the first intranasal loop diuretic to reach the U.S. market. More than 6.7 million Americans live with heart failure,
- [FDA escalates warning letters over misleading drug advertising](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-escalates-warning-letters-over-misleading-drug-advertising/) - 1. Thousands of warning letters and 100 cease and desist orders mark the most aggressive FDA enforcement in years. 2. Weight-loss drug ads, including high-profile TV specials, were cited for inadequate disclosure of safety risks. The FDA announced on September 9 that it had issued thousands of warning letters and about one hundred cease and
- [Counting U.S. Medical Schools: MD and DO Programs in 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/counting-u-s-medical-schools-md-and-do-programs-in-2025/) - The Current Numbers Understanding how many medical schools exist in the U.S. informs both the educational capacity of the system and the competitive landscape medical school applicants face. There are 156 LCME-accredited MD-granting medical schools in the United States. There are 38 COCA-accredited DO-granting medical schools, many with multiple campuses, bringing the total number of teaching locations to
- [How Long Is the MCAT and Why It Matters for Test-Takers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/how-long-is-the-mcat-and-why-it-matters-for-test-takers/) - What is the MCAT The Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is a major milestone for students applying to medical school. While the content itself is rigorous, one of the most important aspects of the exam is its length. Knowing how long the MCAT takes helps examinees prepare both mentally and physically for test day. The
- [Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety Profiles of Medications for Migraine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/therapeutic-effectiveness-and-safety-profiles-of-medications-for-migraine/) - In the emergency department, timely and effective relief from migraine headaches is a clinical priority. Multiple medications are available, used either alone or in combination, but the optimal “migraine cocktail” remains debated. Selecting therapy requires balancing effectiveness, side effects, and the likelihood of recurrence. Understanding the Evidence A recent Bayesian network meta-analysis pooled results from
- [Doxycycline in Pneumonia: Coverage, Effectiveness, and Limitations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/doxycycline-in-pneumonia-coverage-effectiveness-and-limitations/) - Doxycycline in Pneumonia Doxycycline remains an important antibiotic in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Its reliable activity against atypical organisms, oral bioavailability, and favorable safety profile make it a practical choice in both outpatient and inpatient settings. First-line outpatient therapy: In otherwise healthy adults with mild pneumonia, doxycycline is endorsed as one of several first-line
- [What Is the Cricothyroid Membrane and Why It Matters in Medicine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/what-is-the-cricothyroid-membrane-and-why-it-matters-in-medicine/) - What Is the Cricothyroid Membrane The cricothyroid membrane (CTM) is a small but essential structure in the neck. It provides the most direct pathway for emergency access to the airway, particularly in “can’t oxygenate, can’t ventilate” situations. Techniques to Identify the Cricothyroid Membrane Top-down approach: Begin at the hyoid bone, slide downward to the thyroid cartilage,
- [Limited evidence of utility and risks of multi-cancer detection tests for screening](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/limited-evidence-of-utility-and-risks-of-multicancer-detection-tests-for-screening/) - 1. In this systematic review, no studies were found that assessed the benefits of multi-cancer detection tests for cancer screening. 2. Evidence on accuracy and harms of multi-cancer detection tests was highly variable and of insufficient strength. Evidence Rating Level: 1 Study Rundown: Considering that few effective screening tests currently exist for many cancers, especially
- [Semaglutide and tirzepatide may be cost-effective for knee osteoarthritis in patients with obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/semaglutide-and-tirzepatide-may-be-cost-effective-for-knee-osteoarthritis-in-patients-with-obesity/) - 1. In this microsimulation model, the two glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists were shown to be cost-effective when added to usual care for treating knee osteoarthritis in people with obesity. 2. Tirzepatide offered more clinical benefits at lower costs compared with semaglutide, although its effect was more dependent on factors including body mass index and cardiovascular
- [Ending Ryan White services may increase human immunodeficiency virus incidence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ending-ryan-white-services-may-increase-human-immunodeficiency-virus-incidence/) - 1. In this simulation study involving persons with human immunodeficiency virus living in the United States, ending Ryan White services in cities with high disease burden was projected to lead to a one-quarter decrease in viral suppression within a year. 2. As a result, new human immunodeficiency virus infections would increase by twenty to fifty
- [Pre-conception computed tomography ionizing radiation may be associated with worse reproductive outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pre-conception-computed-tomography-ionizing-radiation-may-be-associated-with-worse-reproductive-outcomes/) - 1. In this population-based cohort study, women who had received at least one computer tomography scan prior to conception had higher rates of spontaneous pregnancy loss and congenital anomalies compared with women without a prior scan. 2. Rates of both spontaneous pregnancy loss and congenital anomalies increased with the number of scans performed. Evidence Rating
- [India opens first Department of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/india-opens-first-department-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare/) - 1. India inaugurated its first Department of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare on August 29 at Kasturba Medical College in Manipal. 2. The program integrates medical, engineering, and data science training to prepare physicians for artificial intelligence-based practice. Kasturba Medical College in Manipal formally opened the Department of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare on August 29, confirmed
- [Artificial intelligence stethoscope detects heart disease in seconds](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-stethoscope-detects-heart-disease-in-seconds/) - 1. An artificial intelligence stethoscope diagnosed heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and valve disease within 15 seconds. 2. In nearly twelve thousand patients, detection was up to three times higher than routine exams. Results presented on August 30 at the European Society of Cardiology congress highlighted a trial of nearly 12,000 patients using an artificial intelligence
- [Artificial intelligence matches dermatologists in melanoma diagnosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-matches-dermatologists-in-melanoma-diagnosis/) - 1. Artificial intelligence triage for melanoma shows more than 90 percent sensitivity and is now in trials within the National Health Service. 2. Referrals for suspected skin cancer in England have doubled in the past decade, making early triage critical. England’s health service began piloting an artificial intelligence tool called Deep Ensemble for Recognition of
- [Artificial intelligence accelerates drug discovery and reduces animal testing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-accelerates-drug-discovery-and-reduces-animal-testing/) - 1. Artificial intelligence is cutting preclinical development timelines from more than three years to under two years. 2. The Food and Drug Administration now supports validated computational models as part of regulatory submissions. On September 2, Reuters reported that the United States Food and Drug Administration is promoting artificial intelligence platforms that simulate drug safety
- [Sanofi wins approval for first Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor in immune thrombocytopenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sanofi-wins-approval-for-first-brutons-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor-in-immune-thrombocytopenia/) - 1. The FDA approved rilzabrutinib, branded Wayrilz, as the first BTK (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase) inhibitor for adults with ITP (immune thrombocytopenia). 2. The oral therapy showed durable platelet responses in Phase 3 and enters the market with a 17,500 dollar monthly list price. On August 29, the FDA approved Wayrilz, also known as rilzabrutinib, for
- [Royalty financing deepens exposure to small cell lung cancer revenues](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/royalty-financing-deepens-exposure-to-small-cell-lung-cancer-revenues/) - 1. Royalty Pharma struck a deal worth up to 950 million dollars to buy into Amgen’s DLL3 directed bispecific for SCLC (small cell lung cancer). 2. The transaction ties steady royalty payments to a drug that has already shown strong survival gains over chemotherapy. Royalty Pharma announced on August 25 that it would acquire a
- [Leqembi gains at home injection for maintenance dosing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/leqembi-gains-at-home-injection-for-maintenance-dosing/) - 1. The FDA cleared a subcutaneous maintenance version of lecanemab, allowing patients with AD (Alzheimer’s disease) to continue treatment at home. 2. This shift could ease pressure on infusion clinics while still requiring careful ARIA monitoring. On August 29, the FDA approved a new subcutaneous formulation of lecanemab, the antibody marketed as Leqembi, designed for
- [Novo’s self replicating RNA push expands cardiometabolic pipeline](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/novos-self-replicating-rna-push-expands-cardiometabolic-pipeline/) - 1. Novo Nordisk expanded into self replicating RNA for obesity and T2D (type 2 diabetes), signaling modality diversification beyond peptides. 2. The collaboration with Replicate Bioscience includes substantial milestones and positions srRNA for durable in vivo protein expression. On August 28, Novo Nordisk announced a collaboration with Replicate Bioscience to pursue self replicating RNA, abbreviated
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Beta blockers trend, The Rock’s leaner look, UK targets teen caffeine, and kids’ diets under pressure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-beta-blockers-trend-the-rocks-leaner-look-uk-targets-teen-caffeine-and-kids-diets-under-pressure/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Beta blockers ride a pop culture wave into everyday anxiety The Wall Street Journal reported that propranolol prescriptions have increased by nearly 30 percent since 2020, with the drug now widely discussed on social media as
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup- Obesity RNA deal, at-home Alzheimer’s dosing, oncology royalty financing, and first Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Immune Thrombocytopenia [September 3, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-obesity-rna-deal-at-home-alzheimers-dosing-oncology-royalty-financing-and-first-brutons-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor-for-immune-thrombocytopenia-s/) - Novo’s srRNA push expands cardiometabolic pipeline On August 28, Novo Nordisk announced a collaboration with Replicate Bioscience to pursue self replicating RNA (srRNA) for obesity and T2D (type 2 diabetes), as covered in this Reuters report. Replicate will receive research funding and is eligible for milestone payments up to 550 million dollars, according to the
- [Personalized risk messages may not increase colorectal cancer screening uptake](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/personalized-risk-messages-may-not-increase-colorectal-cancer-screening-uptake/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, using personalized risk messages and provider notifications did not significantly increase screening uptake overall. 2. However, one of the two health systems in the study reported higher uptake rates for stool testing when either patients received a personalized decision aid or providers received a personalized notification. Evidence Rating Level:
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®:  Fall boosters, mosquitoes, skin awareness, and Hollywood healing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-fall-boosters-mosquitoes-skin-awareness-and-hollywood-healing-august-28-th-2025/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. FDA authorizes updated COVID 19 boosters but uptake remains uncertain On August 27 the FDA approved updated COVID 19 vaccines for the fall, but eligibility is limited mostly to older adults and people with certain health
- [Utility of long-term routine laboratory toxicity monitoring of immunomodulatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/utility-of-long-term-routine-laboratory-toxicity-monitoring-of-immunomodulatory-drugs-in-rheumatoid-arthritis/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study involving patients with rheumatoid arthritis on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, long-term routine laboratory toxicity monitoring (lt-RLTM) revealed very abnormal results in less than one percent of all completed tests. 2. Most very abnormal laboratory results were already clinically anticipated and were most often due to renal and urinary disorders unrelated
- [Energy-reduced Mediterranean diet with increased physical activity may significantly reduce risk of type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/energy-reduced-mediterranean-diet-with-increased-physical-activity-may-significantly-reduce-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, physical activity paired with an ad libitum energy-reduced Mediterranean diet was associated with significantly reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes among adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome. 2. The intervention was also associated with greater improvements in diet adherence as well as larger
- [Child-Pugh Score: Prognosis, Classification & Cirrhosis Staging in Chronic Liver Disease [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-child-pugh-score-prognosis-in-chronic-liver-disease-and-cirrhosis-classics-series/) - Child-Pugh score predicts prognosis in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Learn scoring details, classification, and how it compares with the MELD score.
- [GSK and Hengrui Pharma Forge $500 Million China Collaboration, Including PDE3/4 Inhibitors](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/gsk-and-hengrui-pharma-forge-500-million-china-collaboration/) - 1. GSK paid $500 million upfront for global development rights to Hengrui’s portfolio of up to 12 early-stage assets. 2. Includes a PDE3/4 inhibitor for COPD plus programs in oncology, respiratory, immunology, and inflammation. On July 28, 2025, GSK announced a $500 million upfront agreement with China’s Jiangsu Hengrui, with a potential total value exceeding
- [Odds Ratio (OR): Definition, Formula, Examples & Calculator](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/odds-ratio/) - Understand the odds ratio (OR): clear definition, 2×2 table formula, worked examples, interpretation vs. risk ratio, 95% confidence intervals, and a free interactive odds ratio calculator.
- [STOP-IT Trial: Fixed-Duration Antibiotic Therapy for Intraabdominal Infections [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/stop-it-trial-supports-fixed-duration-antibiotic-therapy-for-intraabdominal-infections/) - 1. The STOP-IT trial found that 4 days of fixed antibiotic therapy after surgical or percutaneous source control is as effective as a longer, symptom-guided course for patients with complicated intraabdominal infections. 2. These findings support antibiotic stewardship, reducing unnecessary antibiotic exposure without compromising patient safety. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Find more landmark study
- [EAST-AFNET 4 Trial: Early Rhythm Control vs Usual Care in Atrial Fibrillation (East AF) [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/east-afnet-4-trial-early-rhythm-control-vs-usual-care-in-atrial-fibrillation-east-af/) - The EAST-AFNET 4 (East AF) trial found that early rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation reduced cardiovascular outcomes compared to usual care. Learn the key findings, clinical significance, and impact on AF management.
- [2MM: AI Roundup –Mental health AI bans, clinical documentation breakthroughs, and Alzheimer’s research prize [August 27th,  2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-states-set-limits-startups-scale-fast-and-ai-prizes-aim-at-brain-disease-august-20th-2025/) - Illinois bans unsupervised AI in mental health care Illinois approved the Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act, making it the first law to ban unsupervised use of AI tools in clinical mental health care. Reviews of conversational agents have found concerning outcomes, including unsafe prompts that encouraged self‑harm behaviors. Each year, 57.8 million adults
- [Sacituzumab tirumotecan may have a role in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sacituzumab-tirumotecan-may-have-a-role-in-the-treatment-of-metastatic-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/) - 1. In patients with previously treated metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), treatment with sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT) resulted in improvements in objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to docetaxel. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) In patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC, the first-line therapeutic option is
- [Perioperative Durvalumab in Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/perioperative-durvalumab-in-gastric-and-gastroesophageal-junction-cancer/) - 1. Event-free survival at 24 months was 67.4% in the durvalumab group and 58.5% in the placebo group, with HR 0.71 (significant). 2. Adverse events grade 3-4 occurred in 71.6% in the durvalumab group and in 71.2% in the placebo group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Most patients experience recurrence after surgery for
- [Physical disability and psychological distress demonstrate marked progression after diagnosis of cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/physical-disability-and-psychological-distress-demonstrate-marked-progression-after-diagnosis-of-cancer/) - 1. In this Australian cohort of adults, individuals diagnosed with cancer experienced greater declines in physical functioning and slightly higher psychological distress compared to people without cancer 2. This finding was especially pronounced among those with advanced disease or recent treatment. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Cancer survival rates are improving worldwide due to better
- [Birth cohort effects observed for increased appendiceal adenocarcinoma incidence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/birth-cohort-effects-observed-for-increased-appendiceal-adenocarcinoma-incidence/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, age-specific incidence rates of appendiceal adenocarcinoma increased by time period. 2. Local drift for appendiceal adenocarcinoma was significantly different from net drift, which was suggestive of a birth cohort effect. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Malignant tumors of the appendix are rare and are often discovered incidentally
- [Nivolumab plus ipilimumab improves survival over lenvatinib or sorafenib in liver cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab-improves-survival-over-lenvatinib-or-sorafenib-in-liver-cancer/) - 1. Median overall survival was 3.1 months greater in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group. 2. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were similar between both groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) face a poor prognosis, and current treatments offer limited long-term benefits. There is a need for more
- [2MM: AI Roundup - Free AI Scribes, Smarter Heart Ultrasounds, Faster NHS Physio, and Preventive-Care AI [August 7th 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-free-ai-scribes-smarter-heart-ultrasounds-faster-nhs-physio-and-preventive-care-ai-august-7th-2025/) - Doximity rolls out a no-cost AI scribe for every U.S. clinician Clinical-network giant Doximity is giving its new ambient-scribe tool away for free, betting that scale will matter more than subscription revenue. More than 10 000 physicians used the beta version over the past year, generating millions of notes that helped refine the underlying model.
- [Higher tetrahydrocannabinol exposure may be associated with unfavorable mental health outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/higher-tetrahydrocannabinol-exposure-may-be-associated-with-unfavorable-mental-health-outcomes/) - 1. In this systematic review, higher levels of tetrahydrocannabinol exposure were associated with multiple unfavorable mental health outcomes, particularly for psychosis or schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder. 2. Nearly half of studies involving therapeutic products did report favorable anxiety and depression outcomes, but studies in healthy persons generally reported unfavorable results. Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [An absence of cardiovascular risk factors is linked to over ten additional healthy years](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/an-absence-of-cardiovascular-risk-factors-is-linked-to-over-ten-additional-healthy-years/) - 1. In this large global cohort study, individuals aged 50 without five major cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, abnormal body mass index [BMI], diabetes, and smoking) had a substantially lower lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death compared to those with all five. 2. Modification of hypertension and smoking between ages 55 and 60
- [Switching to camizestrant after ESR1 mutation detection prolongs progression free survival in advanced breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/switching-to-camizestrant-after-esr1-mutation-detection-prolongs-progression-free-survival-in-advanced-breast-cancer/) - 1. In patients with ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer who developed an ESR1 mutation during first-line aromatase inhibitor plus CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy, those who switched to camizestrant while continuing the CDK4/6 inhibitor had longer progression-free survival (PFS) compared to those who continued the aromatase inhibitor. 2. The switch to camizestrant was also associated with a longer
- [Presymptomatic treatment of spinal muscular atrophy with risdiplam leads to improved functional outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/presymptomatic-treatment-of-spinal-muscular-atrophy-with-risdiplam-leads-to-improved-functional-outcomes/) - 1. In this single-group trial, among infants predicted to develop type 1 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) who were treated presymptomatically with risdiplam within the first six weeks after birth, most had the ability to sit up within 12 months, which would not be possible for most untreated infants. 2. These infants also survived without assisted
- [Ciprofloxacin is non-inferior to aminoglycoside-ciprofloxacin for bubonic plague treatment](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ciprofloxacin-is-non-inferior-to-aminoglycoside-ciprofloxacin-for-bubonic-plague-treatment/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among patients with bubonic plague, oral ciprofloxacin monotherapy was found to be noninferior to sequential treatment with an injectable aminoglycoside followed by oral ciprofloxacin with respect to incidence of treatment failure. 2. The percentages of patients with a serious adverse event or nonserious adverse event were similar between the
- [Trastuzumab deruxtecan leads to longer overall survival than ramucirumab plus paclitaxel in HER2-positive gastric cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/trastuzumab-deruxtecan-leads-to-longer-overall-survival-than-ramucirumab-plus-paclitaxel-in-her2-positive-gastric-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among adults with HER2-positive unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer who had previously progressed on trastuzumab-based therapy, it was found that trastuzumab deruxtecan resulted in longer overall survival than ramucirumab plus paclitaxel. 2. The overall incidence of adverse events was similar between the two groups, although trastuzumab deruxtecan was associated
- [Tirzepatide leads to greater weight loss than semaglutide among adults with obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tirzepatide-leads-to-greater-weight-loss-than-semaglutide-among-adults-with-obesity/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among adults with obesity, it was found that tirzepatide resulted in a significantly greater reduction in body weight and waist circumference than semaglutide. 2. Adverse events led to treatment discontinuation more often in the semaglutide group than in the tirzepatide group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: There
- [Significant body weight reduction with cagrilintide-semaglutide therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/significant-body-weight-reduction-with-cagrilintide-semaglutide-therapy/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, the combination cagrilintide-semaglutide (CagriSema) resulted in significantly greater body weight reduction compared to either agent alone or placebo. 2. CagriSema also demonstrated significant superiority over placebo in reducing waist circumference, lowering systolic blood pressure, and improving physical function. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The prevalence of overweight and
- [Vepdegestrant extends progression-free survival in ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vepdegestrant-extends-progression-free-survival-in-er-positive-her2-negative-breast-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, vepdegestrant achieved a longer progression-free survival than fulvestrant in patients with advanced ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. 2. Vepdegestrant demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and was associated with a low rate of discontinuation due to adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6)
- [Australian couple-based genetic screening program feasible and accepted](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/australian-couple-based-genetic-screening-program-feasible-and-accepted-2/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, genetic screening among Australian reproductive couples was widely accepted and associated with low decisional regret. 2. Three out of four couples identified as having an increased risk of having a child with a genetic condition opted for reproductive interventions. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Reproductive genetic screening offers
- [Inavolisib lengthens progression-free survival time in HER2-negative advanced breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/inavolisib-lengthens-progression-free-survival-time-in-her2-negative-advanced-breast-cancer-2/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, in patients with PIK3CA-mutated advanced breast cancer, the addition of inavolisib to a palbociclib-fulvestrant regimen significantly extended progression-free survival compared to palbociclib-fulvestrant alone. 2. The addition of inavolisib did not significantly increase the overall occurrence of adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Locally advanced or metastatic
- [Finerenone with empagliflozin beneficial for managing CKD and type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/finerenone-with-empagliflozin-beneficial-for-managing-ckd-and-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. Among patients with both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) already on a renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor, a combination of finerenone and empagliflozin resulted in a greater reduction in the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) than either agent alone. 2. Safety profiles for both agents were consistent with existing clinical data, but
- [Weekly basal insulin efsitora effective for managing type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/weekly-basal-insulin-efsitora-effective-for-managing-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had not previously been on insulin therapy, once-weekly fixed-dose insulin efsitora was noninferior to daily insulin glargine in reducing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels by 52 weeks. 2. Insulin efsitora was associated with less clinically significant hypoglycemia and lower total weekly insulin dose, compared to insulin glargine.
- [Pembrolizumab improves survival in locally advanced head and neck cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pembrolizumab-improves-survival-in-locally-advanced-head-and-neck-cancer/) - 1. Among patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC), neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembrolizumab improved event-free survival compared to standard care alone. 2. Pembrolizumab was associated with immune-mediated adverse events, including those of grade 3 or higher. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Resectable locally advanced HNSCC is a disease with high
- [Type 2 diabetes and abnormal amyloid concentrations are associated with accelerated brain atrophy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/type-2-diabetes-and-abnormal-amyloid-concentrations-are-associated-with-accelerated-brain-atrophy/) - 1. Type 2 diabetes and abnormal amyloid-β concentration (low Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio) in the cerebrospinal fluid were associated with accelerated brain atrophy and earlier progression from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: The lack of longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data over 10
- [Catheter ablation improves cardiovascular prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation compared to drug therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/catheter-ablation-improves-cardiovascular-prognosis-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation-compared-to-drug-therapy/) - 1. Compared with drug therapy, catheter ablation improved cardiovascular prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and fewer than 3 nonmodifiable recurrence risk factors (NMRRFs), but not in those with 3 or more. 2. Catheter ablation reduced AF recurrence and improved quality of life, irrespective of NMRRF count. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Catheter ablation
- [Microneedling with tranexamic acid may improve outcomes for patients with melasma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/microneedling-with-tranexamic-acid-may-improve-outcomes-for-patients-with-melasma/) - 1. Among patients with melasma, microneedling with tranexamic acid was superior to microneedling with metformin or the control treatment in reducing melasma severity and improving patient satisfaction. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder most commonly affecting women. Its chronicity and high recurrence rate make it difficult to treat. Microneedling has
- [Higher peak expiratory flow associated with decreased headache risk in middle-aged and older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/higher-peak-expiratory-flow-associated-with-decreased-headache-risk-in-middle-aged-and-older-adults/) - 1. Higher peak expiratory flow was associated with a lower probability and lower risk of headache in middle-aged and older adults. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Headache is a common symptom of patients with chronic lung disease (CLD). Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is the maximum instantaneous flow rate during forced expiration in a forced vital
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind Aug 25, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-aug-25-2025/) - Effect of lateral versus supine positioning on hypoxaemia in sedated adults: multicentre randomised controlled trial 1. In sedated adults, lateral positioning compared with the supine position reduced the incidence and severity of hypoxaemia and lowered the need for airway rescue interventions. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hypoxaemia, or low blood oxygen, is a critical complication
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind August 18, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-august-18-2025/) - GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Sight-Threatening Ophthalmic Complications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes 1. In this cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), use of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) is associated with a slightly increased risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR); however, it is also associated with fewer severe vision-threatening complications. Evidence
- [Increased risk of low birth weight and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women living with HIV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-risk-of-low-birth-weight-and-adverse-pregnancy-outcomes-among-women-living-with-hiv/) - 1. In this cohort of women living with HIV (WLWH) in Rwanda, there was an increased risk of delivering a low birth weight (LBW) baby compared to women unaffected by HIV. 2. Among the WLWH, starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) before pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of LBW. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In
- [Natural language processing (NLP) model sped up patient message management in the electronic health record (EHR)](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/natural-language-processing-nlp-model-sped-up-patient-message-management-in-the-electronic-health-record-ehr/) - 1. Anderson and colleagues evaluated clinical staff’s response time to patient-sent messages with NLP labelling against that of staff without NLP use. 2. NLP reduced the initial time needed to address a new patient message and complete a patient conversation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Patients have increasingly used EHR messaging portals for
- [Machine learning models diagnose celiac disease at similar performance levels to pathologists](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/machine-learning-models-diagnose-celiac-disease-at-similar-performance-levels-to-pathologists/) - 1. Jaeckle and colleagues assessed the performance of machine learning models to diagnose celiac disease based on duodenal biopsies. 2. The machine learning models achieved accuracy above 90% and similar inter-rater reliability as independent pathologists. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: The gold standard for celiac disease (CD) diagnosis remains a duodenal biopsy and
- [Clinically significant differences between different blood pressure measurement methods](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/clinically-significant-differences-between-different-blood-pressure-measurement-methods/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, estimated blood pressure was found to vary significantly between different methods, such as home, ambulatory, and office measurement. 2. Larger discrepancies between measurement methods were observed as average reference blood pressure increased, suggesting that a fixed conversion between methods may not be appropriate for all patients. Evidence Rating
- [Intensive systolic blood pressure targets may be cost-effective across most measurement error possibilities](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intensive-systolic-blood-pressure-targets-may-be-cost-effective-across-most-measurement-error-possibilities/) - 1. In this microsimulation model of patients with high cardiovascular risk, an intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) target of
- [#VisualAbstract: Vepdegestrant Increased Progres-sion-Free Survival in Advaced Breast 2m TM Cancer with ESR1 Mutations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-vepdegestrant-increased-progres-sion-free-survival-in-advaced-breast-2m-tm-cancer-with-esr1-mutations/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Long term safety and efficacy of rabies monoclonal antibody in post-exposure prophylaxis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/long-term-safety-and-efficacy-of-rabies-monoclonal-antibody-in-post-exposure-prophylaxis/) - 1. The rate of adverse events and seroresponse was similar between groups. 2. There were no incidents of rabies development in either group after 1-year. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Rabies is a universally fatal disease, and rabies monoclonal antibody (RmAb) was approved in 2016 for passive prophylaxis. This randomized controlled trial aimed
- [Extended aromatase inhibitor therapy reduces breast cancer recurrence in postmenopausal women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/extended-aromatase-inhibitor-therapy-reduces-breast-cancer-recurrence-in-postmenopausal-women/) - 1. Invasive breast cancer recurrence was significantly reduced with extended aromatase inhibitor therapy. 2. No significant reduction was noted for breast cancer-specific mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: In postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer, 5 years of tamoxifen significantly reduces long-term recurrence and mortality. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have shown additional efficacy
- [#VisualAbstract: Once-weekly Semaglutide Reduces Body Weight in People with Obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-once-weekly-semaglutide-reduces-body-weight-in-people-with-obesity/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Personalised Gait Retraining is an Effective Non-Surgical Treatment for Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-personalised-gait-retraining-is-an-effective-non-surgical-treatment-for-medial-compartment-knee-osteoarthritis/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Alteplase Improves Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-alteplase-improves-outcomes-in-acute-ischemic-stroke/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Ciprofloxacin is Noninferior to Aminoglycoside–Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Bubonic Plague](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-ciprofloxacin-is-noninferior-to-aminoglycoside-ciprofloxacin-for-treatment-of-bubonic-plague/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Lilly Strikes $1.3 Billion GPCR Drug Discovery Pact with Superluminal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lilly-strikes-1-3-billion-gpcr-drug-discovery-pact-with-superluminal/) - Key Points: 1. Deal worth up to $1.3 billion brings AI-powered GPCR target discovery into Lilly’s obesity and cardiometabolic pipeline. 2. Superluminal’s lead melanocortin 4 receptor candidate is expected to enter human trials next year. On August 14, 2025, Eli Lilly announced a strategic collaboration with Superluminal Medicines valued at up to $1.3 billion to
- [Artificial intelligence-guided ultrasound lacks sufficient accuracy for deep vein thrombosis detection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-guided-ultrasound-lacks-sufficient-accuracy-for-deep-vein-thrombosis-detection/) - 1. Curry and colleagues tested an artificial intelligence (AI) software that guided non-radiology specialists in diagnosing proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). 2. The AI-guided ultrasound demonstrated failed to demonstrate safe accuracy for diagnosing proximal DVTs, and further software optimization is needed. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: DVTs are a leading cause of death
- [Schrödinger Halts CDC7 Inhibitor After Two Patient Deaths](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/schrodinger-halts-cdc7-inhibitor-after-two-patient-deaths/) - Key Points: 1. Schrödinger discontinued its SGR-2921 CDC7 inhibitor program following two treatment-related deaths in a Phase 1 trial. 2. AML patients showed early signs of benefit, but safety concerns led to an immediate stop. On August 14, 2025, Schrödinger announced it will halt development of its CDC7 inhibitor SGR-2921 after two treatment-related deaths in
- [FDA Approves First-Ever Treatment for Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-approves-first-ever-treatment-for-non-cystic-fibrosis-bronchiectasis/) - Key Points: 1. First FDA-approved therapy for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis; addresses a major unmet respiratory need. 2. Phase 3 data showed significant reduction in exacerbations in a trial of over 1,700 participants. On August 12, 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Insmed’s Brinsupri (brensocatib) as the first medicine for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, a
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Landmark lung approval, billion-dollar obesity drug deal, oncology safety halt, and GSK’s China push [August 14 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-landmark-lung-approval-billion-dollar-obesity-drug-deal-oncology-safety-halt-and-gsks-china-push-august-14-2025/) - FDA Approves First-Ever Treatment for Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Late last week, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Insmed’s Brinsupri (brensocatib), marking the first approved therapy for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, a chronic lung condition affecting an estimated 350,000 to 500,000 adults in the United States. The disease is characterized by persistent infection and inflammation in
- [Talazoparib and enzalutamide improve survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/talazoparib-and-enzalutamide-improve-survival-in-metastatic-castration-resistant-prostate-cancer/) - 1. Progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly greater in the combination therapy group compared to enzalutamide alone. 2. Anemia and neutropenia were more common with talazoparib compared to enzalutamide alone. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is difficult to treat, with existing therapies offering limited benefit. Previous studies
- [Kenya’s AI Consult reduces errors in 20000 clinical encounters](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/kenyas-ai-consult-reduces-errors-in-20000-clinical-encounters/) - Key Points: 1. AI Consult lowered diagnostic errors by 16 percent and treatment errors by 13 percent across sixteen Nairobi clinics. 2. A simple green yellow red alert lets clinicians stay in control while they build safer habits. Real world evidence for AI copilots is now emerging from Kenya, where Penda Health and OpenAI quietly rolled out AI Consult across sixteen primary care
- [ABCD2 Score: Predicting Early Stroke Risk After Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-abcd2-score-risk-of-stroke-after-tia-classics-series/) - The ABCD2 score predicts early stroke risk after TIA using age, blood pressure, clinical features, symptom duration, and diabetes status.
- [Fleischner Criteria - Fleischner Society 2017 Guidelines: Updated Follow-Up for Incidental Pulmonary Nodules [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fleischner-society-guidelines-2017-update-consolidated-follow-up-recommendations-for-incidental-solid-and-subsolid-pulmonary-nodules-classics-series/) - Fleischner Society 2017 guidelines streamline follow-up for incidental pulmonary nodules with new 6 mm thresholds, flexible intervals, and risk-based imaging recommendations.
- [POISE Trial: Perioperative Metoprolol Reduces MI but Increases Stroke & Mortality [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-poise-trial-perioperative-beta-blockers-associated-with-reduced-risk-of-nonfatal-myocardial-infarction-increased-risk-of-stroke-and-mortality-classics-series/) - POISE trial: Perioperative metoprolol reduced nonfatal MI but increased stroke and mortality in noncardiac surgery. Key findings and study details.
- [Medical cannabis has a high discontinuation rate for treatment of musculoskeletal pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/medical-cannabis-has-a-high-discontinuation-rate-for-treatment-of-musculoskeletal-pain/) - 1. Medical cannabis has a high discontinuation rate among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the first few months, particularly in older patients 2. Pain location and baseline health status are not reliable indicators of whether a patient will continue medical cannabis use. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) In this retrospective study, 78 patients
- [Hydroxychloroquine may have a treatment role for chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hydroxychloroquine-may-have-a-treatment-role-for-chronic-inflammatory-cardiomyopathy/) - 1. Hydroxychloroquine plus prednisolone reduced the 12-month risk of the composite cardiovascular outcome by 72 percent compared with prednisolone alone. 2. Hydroxychloroquine plus prednisolone normalized a wide range of inflammation-related proteins, indicating multiple anti-inflammatory effects. 3. The safety profile was similar to prednisolone alone, with no serious treatment-related adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
- [Efficiency of remote monitoring and guidance in blood pressure management](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/efficiency-of-remote-monitoring-and-guidance-in-blood-pressure-management/) - 1. Remote monitoring significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (BP) compared to usual care (−2.7 mm Hg, p = 0.002), especially in patients with uncontrolled baseline BP who achieved a 17.7 mm Hg systolic BP reduction. 2. Self-monitoring alone did not improve BP control versus usual care Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hypertension management remains a
- [Sleep quality patterns may predict outcomes in patients with heart failure:](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sleep-quality-patterns-may-predict-outcomes-in-patients-with-heart-failure/) - 1. Patients with severely disturbed sleep had the highest comorbidity burden, lowest ejection fraction, and poorest cognitive function. 2. Older age, higher physical symptom burden, and depression were significant predictors of worse sleep quality. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients, affecting nearly 80% of individuals and
- [Post-operative pain scores may be a predictor of 30-day infectious and non-infectious post-operative complications](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/post-operative-pain-scores-may-be-a-predictor-of-30-day-infectious-and-non-infectious-post-operative-complications/) - 1. Higher Post-operative Day 1 (POD1) pain scores were independently associated with increased 30-day infectious and non-infectious complications. 2. Infectious complications developed later (mean 6.5 days) than non-infectious complications (4.1 days). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Early postoperative pain is a significant concern following major abdominal surgery, with growing evidence linking its intensity to increased
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind August 11, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-august-11-2025/) - Discontinuation rates and predictors of Medical Cannabis cessation for chronic musculoskeletal pain 1. Medical cannabis has a high discontinuation rate among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the first few months, particularly in older patients 2. Pain location and baseline health status are not reliable indicators of whether a patient will continue medical cannabis
- [Guselkumab is safe and effective in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/guselkumab-is-safe-and-effective-in-patients-with-moderate-to-severe-crohns-disease/) - 1. The Guselkumab group demonstrated significantly greater clinical and endoscopic responses versus placebo. 2. Serious adverse events were comparable, with no treatment-related deaths. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Despite the availability of biological therapies, many patients with Crohn’s disease experience suboptimal disease control. This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and
- [#VisualAbstract: Inavolisib Increased Overall Survival in PIK3CA-Mutated Advanced Breast Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-inavolisib-increased-overall-survival-in-pik3ca-mutated-advanced-breast-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Perioperative Durvalumab increased Survival in Gastric and Gastroesopha-geal Junction Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-perioperative-durvalumab-increased-survival-in-gastric-and-gastroesopha-geal-junction-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: 3-Year Structured Exercise after Adjuvant Chemotherapy Improved Survival for Colon Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-3-year-structured-exercise-after-adjuvant-chemotherapy-improved-survival-for-colon-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Cervical medial branch blocks may offer therapeutic benefit for facet-mediated neck pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cervical-medial-branch-blocks-may-offer-therapeutic-benefit-for-facet-mediated-neck-pain/) - 1. A subset of patients undergoing cervical medial branch blocks experienced meaningful short- to medium-term pain and functional improvement that exceeded the expected duration of local anesthetic effects. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: This prospective cohort study by Finlayson et al. evaluated whether cervical medial branch blocks (CMBB), typically used diagnostically for facet-mediated
- [Overweight body habitus is associated with higher rates of relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/overweight-body-habitus-is-associated-with-higher-rates-of-relapse-in-children-with-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/) - 1. Among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, overweight or obesity at >2 time points (longer duration) was associated with higher rates of relapse and lower overall survival compared to those with overweight or obesity at
- [Use of pregabalin may increase risk of heart failure in geriatric patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/use-of-pregabalin-may-increase-risk-of-heart-failure-in-geriatric-patients/) - 1. In patients aged 65 to 89 years of age with non-cancer chronic pain, use of pregabalin was associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure (HF) compared with gabapentin. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Pregabalin and gabapentin are commonly prescribed medications for the management of chronic pain. While both medications may be associated
- [Antiseizure medications do not reduce the risk of epilepsy in patients with brain abscess](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/antiseizure-medications-do-not-reduce-the-risk-of-epilepsy-in-patients-with-brain-abscess/) - 1. In patients with a brain abscess, use of antiseizure medications (ASM) was not associated with a statistical difference in the risk of epilepsy at 90, 135 and 180 days after initiation of ASMs. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Epilepsy is a common complication of brain abscesses, yet the literature surrounding the appropriate management of
- [Ustekinumab may be superior to Vedolizumab for the treatment of Crohn's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ustekinumab-may-be-superior-to-vedolizumab-for-the-treatment-of-crohns-disease/) - 1. In patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) of the pouch following ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for medically-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), the clinical response at 3 and 6 months was significantly greater for ustekinumab (UST) compared to vedolizumab (VDZ). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) A significant number of patients living with UC will eventually require IPAA,
- [mFOLFIRINOX may have a limited role in pancreatic cancer in Phase II/III trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mfolfirinox-may-have-a-limited-role-in-pancreatic-cancer-in-phase-ii-iii-trial/) - 1. In patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, neither modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) or S-1, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (S-IROX) demonstrated improved clinical benefits compared with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) The vast majority of patients with pancreatic cancer have metastatic disease at diagnosis, with a poor prognosis. The standard of
- [Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be a useful marker of mortality in septic patients with liver cirrhosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio-may-be-a-useful-marker-of-mortality-in-septic-patients-with-liver-cirrhosis/) - 1. In septic patients with liver cirrhosis, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio was positively correlated with all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Good) Sepsis-related mortality among patients with liver cirrhosis is much greater than in patients without liver cirrhosis. NLR has been previously shown to be a reliable predictor of mortality in other inflammation-related diseases such
- [#VisualAbstract: Riociguat Improves Exercise Following Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-riociguat-improves-exercise-following-balloon-pulmonary-angioplasty-in-patients-with-pulmonary-hypertension/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Mass Administration of Ivermectin Reduces Transmission of Malaria in Kwale County, Kenya](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-mass-administration-of-ivermectin-reduces-transmission-of-malaria-in-kwale-county-kenya/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Multidose Ondansetron after Emergency Department Visits Improves Outcomes in Children with Gastroenteritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-multidose-ondansetron-after-emergency-department-visits-improves-outcomes-in-children-with-gastroenteritis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Amycretin significantly improves weight loss in patients with overweight or obese body weight](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/amycretin-significantly-improves-weight-loss-in-patients-with-overweight-or-obese-body-weight/) - 1. The majority of treatment-related adverse events were mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal events with no reported deaths. 2. Amycretin resulted in significant weight loss across most doses compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Amycretin is a novel therapy that activates GLP-1 and amylin receptors, two hormones involved in regulating appetite and metabolism. Until
- [Very-low-calorie diets versus exercise alone for the treatement of hip osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/very-low-calorie-diets-versus-exercise-alone-for-the-treatement-of-hip-osteoarthritis/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, a very-low-calorie diet plus exercise was not superior to exercise alone in reducing hip pain severity among patients with hip osteoarthritis and overweight or obesity. 2. However, very-low-calorie diet was associated with improvement in a number of secondary outcomes, including health-related quality of life, body weight, and BMI. Evidence
- [Canagliflozin may significantly improve glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/canagliflozin-may-significantly-improve-glycemic-control-in-children-and-adolescents-with-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial involving children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus, canagliflozin was associated with significantly greater improvement in HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose compared to placebo. 2. Treatment-emergent adverse events were common in both groups, but less than one-tenth of participants had serious adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind August 4, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-august-4-2025/) - Initiation of Pregabalin vs Gabapentin and Development of Heart Failure 1. In patients aged 65 to 89 years of age with non-cancer chronic pain, use of pregabalin was associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure (HF) compared with gabapentin. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Pregabalin and gabapentin are commonly prescribed medications for the
- [Social determinants of health associated with development of long COVID](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/social-determinants-of-health-associated-with-development-of-long-covid/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, participants with social risk factors at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection had a higher risk of developing long COVID compared with those without. 2. Inability to afford medical care and lack of social support were among the factors that were most strongly associated with risk of long COVID. Evidence
- [Rituximab may not be superior to standard treatment in inducing remission in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/rituximab-may-not-be-superior-to-standard-treatment-in-inducing-remission-in-eosinophilic-granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, rituximab was not superior to standard treatment in inducing remission in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. 2. Adverse event rates were similar between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a rare systemic small vessel vasculitis with presence of antineutrophil
- [Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy associated with improved outcomes in knee osteoarthritis with varus alignment](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/medial-opening-wedge-high-tibial-osteotomy-associated-with-improved-outcomes-in-knee-osteoarthritis-with-varus-alignment/) - 1. In this randomized trial, patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis who received medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy had a smaller decrease in medial tibiofemoral articular cartilage thickness than those who received nonsurgical management alone. 2. Patients who underwent osteotomy also had greater improvement in functional outcomes. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Postoperative radioiodine ablation does not reduce cancer recurrence following thyroidectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/postoperative-radioiodine-ablation-does-not-reduce-cancer-recurrence-following-thyroidectomy/) - 1. The 5-year recurrence-free survival was comparable with ablation and without ablation. 2. Adverse events were comparable in both groups, with no treatment-related deaths. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Differentiated thyroid cancer is often treated with radioiodine ablation after total thyroidectomy, but its benefit in low-risk cases remains unclear. Avoiding ablation could reduce
- [Mitapivat improves clinical outcomes in patients with non-transfusion dependent thalassemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mitapivat-improves-clinical-outcomes-in-patients-with-non-transfusion-dependent-thalassemia/) - 1. Hemoglobin response was significantly greater in the treatment group compared to placebo. 2. Majority of adverse events were mild in nature with no fatalities reported. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Non-transfusion-dependent (NTD) α- and β-thalassemia can cause chronic anemia, complications, and reduced quality of life. No oral disease-modifying therapies are currently approved
- [Microsoft’s MAI‑DxO outperforms doctors on complex case sets](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/microsofts-mai‑dxo-outperforms-doctors-on-complex-case-sets/) - Key Points: 1. In head to head testing on 304 NEJM Clinical Case Records the debate driven system solved 85.5 percent of diagnoses while physicians working from memory reached only 20 percent. 2. The agent debate framework trimmed 28 percent of lab and imaging orders in simulation, pointing to significant cost and resource savings. Microsoft’s new MAI DxO is more
- [Retinal scans powered by AI predict stroke risk over a decade](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/retinal-scans-powered-by-ai-predict-stroke-risk-over-a-decade/) - Key Points: 1. Deep learning on fundus images forecasts ischemic stroke risk 10 years out with ~70 % sensitivity. 2. Adding clinical data boosts AUROC 5 points versus the Framingham score. An AI model that inspects high‑resolution fundus photographs can flag people at risk of ischemic stroke up to ten years before their first event. In a study published this
- [AI scans detect pancreatic cancer years before clinical diagnosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ai-scans-detect-pancreatic-cancer-years-before-clinical-diagnosis/) - Key Points: 1. The algorithm flags pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma up to three years early with an AUROC > 0.92. 2. It runs on standard, non‑contrast CT images, easing hospital rollout. A new deep‑learning model can pinpoint pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma on routine abdominal CT scans up to three years before doctors normally find it, according to an arXiv preprint posted in March 2025.
- [Increased Serum 25(OH)D levels associated with decreased mortality risk in adult men](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-serum-25ohd-levels-associated-with-decreased-mortality-risk-in-adult-men/) - 1. Increases in serum 25 (OH) D concentration were nonlinearly associated with decreased all-cause, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer mortality, with protective effects no longer significant beyond certain thresholds. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) There is a global prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, with older adults at higher risk due to age-related declines in multiple
- [Preterm infants have increased risk of psychological and physical health comorbidities at adulthood](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/preterm-infants-have-increased-risk-of-psychological-and-physical-health-comorbidities-at-adulthood/) - 1. U.S. adults born preterm have increased internalizing mental health problems, blood pressure, triglycerides, and body fat distribution, along with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone density at age 35 compared with their full-term peers. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Preterm birth can have lifelong consequences, with research showing that adults born preterm face a
- [Obesity is a mediating factor for gallstone disease risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/obesity-is-a-mediating-factor-for-gallstone-disease-risk/) - 1. In a retrospective cohort study of adults included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), obesity was associated with increased odds of gallstones. 2. The inflammatory markers white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEU), and C-reactive protein (CRP) partially mediated this relationship. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The mechanisms underlying the
- [Early anticoagulation after stroke decreases recurrence without increasing bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-anticoagulation-after-stroke-decreases-recurrence-without-increasing-bleeding-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. Recurrent ischemic stroke rates were significantly reduced in patients who started DOAC within 4 days of an acute ischemic stroke versus those who started therapy at 5 days and later. 2. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was similar between groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Recurrent ischemic events are a major
- [2MM: AI Roundup – Pancreatic Cancer Prediction Breakthrough, Retinal Stroke Risk Maps, Microsoft’s MAI‑DxO Diagnostic Upset, and Kenya’s AI Consult Real‑World Win [July 28th, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-pancreatic-cancer-prediction-breakthrough-retinal-stroke-risk-maps-microsofts-mai‑dxo-diagnostic-upset-and-kenyas-ai-consult-real‑world-w/) - AI scans detect pancreatic cancer years before symptoms emerge A new deep learning model may have cracked one of oncology’s toughest challenges: spotting pancreatic cancer early enough to save lives. Researchers showed that the algorithm, trained on standard abdominal CT scans, can detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma up to three years before clinical diagnosis, achieving
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®:  Fibroids, Fatigue, Tainted Syrups, and Bariatric Barriers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-fibroids-fatigue-tainted-syrups-and-bariatric-barriers/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Venus Williams reignites the fibroid fight with a comeback and a cause Recently, Venus Williams stunned fans by revealing that her return to professional tennis at age 45 was driven partly by the need to regain health insurance.
- [Randomized Phase III trial of Ramucirumab finds benefit for patients with refractory advanced gastric cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/randomized-phase-iii-trial-of-ramucirumab-finds-benefit-for-patients-with-refractory-advanced-gastric-cancer/) - 1. The addition of ramucirumab to irinotecan in patients with ramucirumab-refractory advanced or recurrent gastric or gastroesophageal cancer (AGC) did not confer a survival advantage compared to irinotecan alone. 2. In patients with AGC with progression on ramucirumab-based chemotherapies, the use of ramucirumab plus irinotecan was associated with improved PFS compared to irinotecan alone. Evidence
- [Red cell distribution width to albumin ratio may be a useful prognostic marker in the critical care setting](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/red-cell-distribution-width-to-albumin-ratio-may-be-a-useful-prognostic-marker-in-the-critical-care-setting/) - 1. Higher red cell distribution width to albumin ratio (RAR) values were associated nonlinearly with a higher mortality risk. 2. The predictive power of RAR alone was moderate but increased when combined with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current scoring systems, such as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA),
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind July 27, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-july-27-2025/) - Serum 25(OH)D levels and mortality risk among middle-aged and elderly populations in the U.S.: A prospective cohort study 1. Increases in serum 25 (OH) D concentration were nonlinearly associated with decreased all-cause, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer mortality, with protective effects no longer significant beyond certain thresholds. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) There is a
- [Increased rates of unmet social needs observed shortly following a diagnosis of dementia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-rates-of-unmet-social-needs-observed-shortly-following-a-diagnosis-of-dementia/) - Discontinuity of social support among US adults with cognitive impairment before and after the confirmed diagnosis of dementia: a matched ambidirectional cohort study 1. In this cohort study, dementia diagnosis was associated with increased levels of unmet social support needs, with notable differences based on race/ethnicity groups and sex. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Dementia
- [Fetal cerebrovascular response to maternal hyperoxia testing may help predict neurodevelopmental outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fetal-cerebrovascular-response-to-maternal-hyperoxia-testing-may-help-predict-neurodevelopmental-outcomes/) - Fetal Cerebrovascular Response to Maternal Hyperoxia Testing and Association With Brain Growth and Postnatal Brain Injury in Congenital Heart Disease 1. In this prospective cohort of fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD), specifically hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), a lack of cerebrovascular response to maternal hyperoxia (MH) was associated with smaller brain volume before birth
- [Retifanlimab improves progression-free survival in advanced squamous cell anal carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/retifanlimab-improves-progression-free-survival-in-advanced-squamous-cell-anal-carcinoma/) - 1. Progression-free survival was significantly greater in retifanlimab compared to placebo. 2. Serious and grade 3 or more adverse events were more common in the retifanlimab group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCAC) is a rare cancer that can progress despite standard platinum-based chemotherapy. Retifanlimab, a
- [Relacorilant plus nab-paclitaxel improves survival in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/relacorilant-plus-nab-paclitaxel-improves-survival-in-platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer-patients/) - 1. Progression-free and overall survival were greater in relacorilant plus nab-paclitaxel compared to nab-paclitaxel alone. 2. The rate of adverse events was comparable between groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Ovarian cancer that no longer responds to platinum-based therapies poses a significant treatment challenge. Relacorilant, a selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, may help overcome
- [Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors associated with similar dementia risk in older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-and-dipeptidyl-peptidase-4-inhibitors-associated-with-similar-dementia-risk-in-older-adults/) - 1. In this target trial emulation, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) did not significantly affect the risk of dementia compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is) among older adults with type 2 diabetes. 2. Subgroup analyses suggested that GLP-1 RAs were associated with reduced dementia risk among participants who were relatively younger and non-Hispanic White.
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®:  Shoulder scalpel, shark scare, Alzheimer dosing tweak, and a Blenrep blow](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-shoulder-scalpel-shark-scare-alzheimer-dosing-tweak-and-a-blenrep-blow/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Will Levis’s shoulder surgery puts NFL fans and weekend warriors on AC-joint alert On July 21 the Tennessee Titans quietly posted a team statement saying Will Levis would trade his playbook for a hospital gown on
- [“Weekend warrior” and regular physical activity patterns may both reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/weekend-warrior-and-regular-physical-activity-patterns-may-both-reduce-cardiovascular-and-all-cause-mortality/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study of adults with diabetes, “weekend warrior” and regular physical activity patterns were associated with similarly reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. 2. Regular activity, but not “weekend warrior” activity, was also associated with significantly reduced risk of cancer mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Physical activity
- [Psychiatric and physical comorbidities continue to be prevalent amongst Canadians living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/psychiatric-and-physical-comorbidities-continue-to-be-prevalent-amongst-canadians-living-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus/) - Comorbidity prevalence and healthcare costs in people living with HIV compared with the general population: a 19-year retrospective cohort study in British Columbia, Canada 1. Despite advances in treatment, a cohort of adults from British Columbia, Canda living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLWH) continued to experience a higher burden of many physical and mental
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind July 21, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-july-21-2025/) - Utility of the US Preventive Services Task Force for Preeclampsia Risk Assessment and Aspirin Prophylaxis 1. In this prospective cohort of pregnant individuals, the majority of the population was at an increased risk of preeclampsia based on criteria from the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Preeclampsia is a common
- [Prophylactic vancomycin may reduce recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection but increases antimicrobial resistance](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prophylactic-vancomycin-may-reduce-recurrent-clostridioides-difficile-infection-but-increases-antimicrobial-resistance/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, oral vancomycin reduced the risk of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in participants with previous CDI, although not with a statistically significant difference. 2. The use of oral vancomycin was associated with a higher rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the gut 8 weeks after treatment. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Restrictive intraoperative vascular filling is a strong risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/restrictive-intraoperative-vascular-filling-is-a-strong-risk-factor-for-postoperative-acute-kidney-injury/) - 1. Of the many identified associations between perioperative variables and AKI following radical cystectomy, restrictive intraoperative vascular filling < 5ml/kg/h was strongly and independently associated with AKI. 2. There is a significant association between postoperative AKI and the incidence or worsening of CKD in patients following radical cystectomy Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown:
- [Bedtime dosing of antihypertensive medications may provide improved outcomes over morning dosing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/bedtime-dosing-of-antihypertensive-medications-may-provide-improved-outcomes-over-morning-dosing/) - 1. Bedtime dosing of antihypertensive medication provided better control of nocturnal BP and improved the circadian rhythm compared to morning dosing. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Nocturnal blood pressure (BP) is more sensitive in predicting cardiovascular events than office, 24-hour, or daytime BP. Achieving nocturnal BP control may reduce the risk of cardiovascular
- [#VisualAbstract: Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Pembroli-zumab Increased Survival in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-neoadjuvant-and-adjuvant-pembroli-zumab-increased-survival-in-locally-advanced-head-and-neck-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Obicetrapib Reduced LDL Cholesterol in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-obicetrapib-reduced-ldl-cholesterol-in-patients-at-high-cardiovascular-risk/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Predictors and outcomes associated with prolonged hospital length of stay in intracerebral hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/predictors-and-outcomes-associated-with-prolonged-hospital-length-of-stay-in-intracerebral-hemorrhage/) - 1. Prolonged hospital stay in mild to moderate intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was predicted by younger age, higher income, medical insurance, prior antithrombotic use, in-hospital infections, and geographic region. 2. Extended hospitalization may not be necessary for improved recovery in mild to moderate ICH. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In this multicenter prospective cohort study, Zhang
- [MLC901 may be effective in treatment of post-concussion symptoms in phase III study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mlc901-may-be-effective-in-treatment-of-post-concussion-symptoms-in-phase-iii-study/) - 1. MLC901 significantly improved post-concussion symptoms, quality of life, and mood at 6 and 9 months. 2. MLC901 was safe and well tolerated with high adherence and no serious adverse events. 3. MLC901 did not significantly improve complex attention compared to placebo at 6 months. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase
- [Risk of dementia increased with gabapentin prescription in back pain patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/risk-of-dementia-increased-with-gabapentin-prescription-in-back-pain-patients/) - 1. Gabapentin use was associated with a 29% increased risk of dementia and 85% increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in chronic low back pain patients. 2. Non-elderly adults (18–64 years) had over twice the risk of dementia and MCI with gabapentin use compared to non-users. 3. The risk of cognitive decline increased with
- [New-generation antiseizure medications are better tolerated for patients with epilepsy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/new-generation-antiseizure-medications-are-better-tolerated-for-patients-with-epilepsy/) - 1. Newer-generation antiseizure medications (ASMs) were better tolerated and more likely to be maintained than older ASMs. 2. Only 23% of patients were referred to epilepsy specialists despite high rates of pharmacoresistance. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) This study analyzed antiseizure medication (ASM) prescription patterns in 84 patients with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) following severe traumatic
- [Thrombolysis-to-puncture time greater than 70 minutes decreases odds of successful thrombectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/thrombolysis-to-puncture-time-greater-than-70-minutes-decreases-odds-of-successful-thrombectomy/) - 1. Thrombolysis-to-puncture time (TTP) >70 minutes significantly reduces the odds of successful recanalization and 90-day functional independence. 2. There was no increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) with shorter TTP. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This pooled analysis of 1,104 patients from two nationwide registries in China (ANGEL-ACT) and Germany (GSR-ET) investigated the relationship
- [#VisualAbstract: Nontargeted Hepatitis C Screening in Emergency Departments was Superior to Targeted Screening](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-nontargeted-hepatitis-c-screening-in-emergency-departments-was-superior-to-targeted-screening/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Early Tirofiban Infusion Improves Functional Outcomes after Intravenous Thrombolysis for Stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-early-tirofiban-infusion-improves-functional-outcomes-after-intravenous-thrombolysis-for-stroke/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Insulin Efsitora is Noninferior to Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin Therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-insulin-efsitora-is-noninferior-to-insulin-glargine-in-type-2-diabetes-without-previous-insulin-therapy/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind July 14, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-july-14-2025/) - Predictors and outcomes associated with prolonged hospital length of stay in intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter prospective cohort study in China 1. Prolonged hospital stay in mild to moderate intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was predicted by younger age, higher income, medical insurance, prior antithrombotic use, in-hospital infections, and geographic region. 2. Extended hospitalization may not be necessary
- [#VisualAbstract: Brain Activation Measured on Functional MRI Predicts Response to Certolizumab, a TNF Inhibitor, in Rheumatoid Arthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-brain-activation-measured-on-functional-mri-predicts-response-to-certolizumab-a-tnf-inhibitor-in-rheumatoid-arthritis/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Iscalimab shows dose-dependent improvement among patients with active Sjögren’s disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/66395-2/) - 1. Isaclimab significantly improved disease activity at 150 mg and 600 mg doses. 2. Adverse events were comparable between cohorts with no deaths reported. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Sjögren’s disease is a chronic autoimmune condition with limited targeted treatment. This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess whether iscalimab, an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody,
- [St. Louis hospital-based violence intervention program did not significantly affect reinjury outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/st-louis-hospital-based-violence-intervention-program-did-not-significantly-affect-reinjury-outcomes/) - 1. In this pilot cohort study, a multi-system hospital-based violence intervention program in the St. Louis region did not significantly affect reinjury outcomes. 2. Most participants were non-Hispanic Black, male, had Medicare or Medicaid insurance, and had a firearm injury. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: As the primary location for violence victims to
- [Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may increase risk of reflux in patients with type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-may-increase-risk-of-reflux-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In this population-based cohort study, patients with type 2 diabetes who received glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists had a higher risk of developing gastroesophageal reflux disease and associated complications compared with those who received sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. 2. The risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease was increased for all agents in the class except lixisenatide, while
- [Vaporized nicotine products may be effective for smoking cessation among people with social disadvantage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vaporized-nicotine-products-may-be-effective-for-smoking-cessation-among-people-with-social-disadvantage/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, vaporized nicotine products were associated with higher rates of smoking abstinence compared with nicotine gum and lozenges among people with low socioeconomic status. 2. The group which received vaporized nicotine products reported fewer adverse events and higher treatment adherence. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Despite positive trends
- [New obesity framework may reclassify over half of overweight individuals as people with obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/new-obesity-framework-may-reclassify-over-half-of-overweight-individuals-as-people-with-obesity/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, a new obesity framework from the European Association for the Study of Obesity reclassified an additional nearly one-fifth of the United States population as obese. 2. The newly classified people with obesity had a higher mortality risk compared with adults with normal weight and no comorbidities, although they had similar
- [Digital health apps may have limited role in reduction of migraine symptoms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/digital-health-apps-may-have-limited-role-in-reduction-of-migraine-symptoms/) - 1. Among adult patients with migraine headaches, the use of a prescribed digital health app did not reduce the number of migraine days compared with a control app consisting of only migraine diary features. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Current management of migraines includes both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches, including the use of migraine diaries.
- [Living in a marginalized neighbourhood is associated with worse outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/living-in-a-marginalized-neighbourhood-is-associated-with-worse-outcomes-in-patients-with-myocardial-infarction/) - 1. In acute myocardial infarction (AMI) survivors younger than the age of 65, living in a marginalized neighbourhood was associated with higher rates of mortality and hospitalizations. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Adults below the age of 65 are increasingly developing AMI, with the burden of coronary artery disease only expected to continue to grow
- [SGLT2 inhibitors may delay cognitive impairment in elderly patients with heart failure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sglt2-inhibitors-may-delay-cognitive-impairment-in-elderly-patients-with-heart-failure/) - 1. In elderly patients 65 years of age or older with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), regular use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) was associated with improved cognitive function after 6 months as defined by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Heart failure and cognitive impairment are two
- [Oral vancomycin may be effective for pouchitis in inflammatory bowel disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-vancomycin-may-be-effective-for-pouchitis-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease/) - 1. In patients with pouchitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the use of oral vancomycin was associated with endoscopic and clinical improvements characterized by reduced stool frequency, urgency and incontinence. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Pouchitis is a common complication among patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) which is
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind July 7, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-july-7-2025/) - A Prescribed Digital Health App and Number of Migraine Days 1. Among adult patients with migraine headaches, the use of a prescribed digital health app did not reduce the number of migraine days compared with a control app consisting of only migraine diary features. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Current management of migraines includes both
- [Body mass index-specific waist circumference thresholds may improve mortality risk stratification in women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/body-mass-index-specific-waist-circumference-thresholds-may-improve-mortality-risk-stratification-in-women/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, body mass index-specific waist circumference (WC) thresholds were found to improve mortality risk stratification in a nationwide sample of women. 2. This effect was consistent even after removing potential confounders such as diet, physical activity, and sleep. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Body mass index (BMI) is
- [Approved label populations may be broader than trial populations for new drugs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/approved-label-populations-may-be-broader-than-trial-populations-for-new-drugs/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, approved label populations were broader overall compared to trial populations for new drugs in the United States and Europe. 2. The category of patient fitness most often exhibited broader label populations than trial populations, followed by disease severity. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: The United States (US) Food
- [Structured exercise intervention improves survival in colon cancer patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/structured-exercise-intervention-improves-survival-in-colon-cancer-patients/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, patients with resected stage III or high-risk stage II colon cancer who completed adjuvant chemotherapy experienced significantly longer disease-free survival with a three-year structured exercise intervention. 2. The structured exercise intervention was associated with longer overall survival and improvements in exercise metrics, including VO₂ max and 6-minute walk distance.
- [Mazdutide significantly reduces weight in adults with overweight or obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mazdutide-significantly-reduces-weight-in-adults-with-overweight-or-obesity/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, weekly administration of Mazdutide resulted in significant weight reduction in adults classified as overweight or obese. 2. The most common side effect was gastrointestinal upset; however, discontinuation rates among those receiving Mazdutide were comparable to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Obesity (BMI >28) and overweight (BMI
- [Inebilizumab improves outcome in patients generalized myasthenia gravis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/inebilizumab-improves-outcome-in-patients-generalized-myasthenia-gravis/) - 1. In patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who had anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies or anti-muscle-specific kinase antibodies, intravenous inebilizumab reduced disease severity and improved function compared to placebo. 2. Inebilizumab had an acceptable safety profile consistent with trials in conditions other than MG and was not associated with increased severe adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [Nerandomilast slows decline in FVC in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nerandomilast-slows-decline-in-fvc-in-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis/) - 1. In this randomized trial, among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), nerandomilast slowed the decline in the forced vital capacity (FVC) after 52 weeks compared to placebo. 2. Nerandomilast was associated with a dose-dependent increased rate of diarrhea, which occurred more commonly in those taking background nintedanib. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Cerebral embolic protection does not decrease stroke incidence in TAVI patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cerebral-embolic-protection-does-not-decrease-stroke-incidence-in-tavi-patients/) - 1. In this randomized trial, the use of cerebral embolic protection (CEP) did not decrease the 72-hour incidence of stroke in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI). 2. The occurrence of serious adverse events was similar between the CEP group and the placebo group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: In patients with severe
- [Nerandomilast slows FVC decline in progressive pulmonary fibrosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nerandomilast-slows-fvc-decline-in-progressive-pulmonary-fibrosis/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, treatment with nerandomilast led to slower declines in forced vital capacity (FVC) in patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis over 52 weeks 2. The occurrence of serious adverse events was similar between the nerandomilast group and the placebo group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Progressive pulmonary fibrosis is an
- [AAV gene therapy shows durable benefit in hemophilia B](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/aav-gene-therapy-shows-durable-benefit-in-hemophilia-b/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, a single intravenous dose of scAAV2/8-LP1-hFIXco gene therapy in men with severe hemophilia B led to sustained factor IX expression and significantly reduced bleeding and factor IX usage over 13 years. 2. No long-term vector-related safety concerns emerged; transient liver enzyme elevations were managed effectively, and no participants developed
- [Tumor-infiltrating clonal hematopoiesis is associated with NSCLC recurrence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tumor-infiltrating-clonal-hematopoiesis-is-associated-with-nsclc-recurrence/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, the presence of tumor-infiltrating clonal hematopoiesis (TI-CH) was associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence or death among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 2. Using preclinical mouse and organoid models of lung cancer, TI-CH was found to remodel the tumor immune microenvironment and accelerate tumor organoid growth.
- [Fecal calprotectin is a useful marker for defining small bowel endoscopic remission in Crohn's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fecal-calprotectin-is-a-useful-marker-for-defining-small-bowel-endoscopic-remission-in-crohns-disease/) - 1. In patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), fecal calprotectin (FC) was a useful biomarker for monitoring small bowel lesions and was correlated with small bowel capsule endoscopy (CE) activity with a cutoff level of 175 μg/g. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current methods of evaluating small bowel lesions in patients with CD include CE, magnetic
- [Commonly cited medication triggers may not increase risk of microscopic colitis among older adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/commonly-cited-medication-triggers-may-not-increase-risk-of-microscopic-colitis-among-older-adults/) - 1. In this series of target trial emulations, several common medications were not found to significantly affect the risk of microscopic colitis in older adults. 2. Comparing selective serotonin receptor inhibitor versus mirtazapine initiation resulted in a small risk difference, which may have been due to surveillance bias. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown:
- [Ablation may reduce stroke risk, death, heart failure hospitalization in patients with atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ablation-may-reduce-stroke-risk-death-heart-failure-hospitalization-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, catheter ablation was found to reduce overall risk of ischemic stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and death compared with medical therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. 2. While surgical ablation reduced the risk of ischemic stroke compared with cardiac surgery alone, it did not produce any significant difference
- [Minimally invasive surgery is beneficial for epithelial ovarian cancer ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/minimally-invasive-surgery-is-beneficial-for-epithelial-ovarian-cancer/) - 1. Conducting phase 3 of the Laparoscopic Cytoreduction After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (LANCE) trial is feasible, as evidenced by an adequate accrual rate along with a low rate of treatment crossover between minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and laparotomy. 2. Compared to laparotomy, MIS provided some benefits to patients including a shorter median hospital stay length, and
- [Artificial intelligence based clinical decision systems are safe and effective for diabetes management](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-based-clinical-decision-systems-are-safe-and-effective-for-diabetes-management/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial of adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the artificial intelligence-based insulin clinical decision support system (iNCDSS) was noninferior to standard physician-administered insulin therapy. 2. Compared to the physician group, there were no significant differences in adverse events in the iNCDSS group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Type
- [Seventh cervical nerve neurotomy may augment speech therapy in patients with chronic aphasia post-stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/seventh-cervical-nerve-neurotomy-may-augment-speech-therapy-in-patients-with-chronic-aphasia-post-stroke/) - 1. Among patients with chronic aphasia post-stroke, right neurotomy of the seventh cervical nerve (C7) plus intensive speech and language therapy (SLT) was superior to intensive SLT alone in improving language function. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Aphasia is one of the most common conditions of cerebrovascular events. Chronic post-stroke aphasia refers to language impairment
- [Time-restricted eating does not confer changes in sleep, mood, or quality of life](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/time-restricted-eating-does-not-confer-changes-in-sleep-mood-or-quality-of-life/) - 1. Time-restricted eating, regardless of timing of the eating window, did not result in significant changes in sleep, mood, or quality of life compared with usual care alone. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Although time-restricted eating (TRE) is a promising dietary approach for weight loss, it is unknown whether the timing of the eating window
- [Intravaginal conjugated oestrogen does not improve continuation rate of ring pessary use](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intravaginal-conjugated-oestrogen-does-not-improve-continuation-rate-of-ring-pessary-use/) - 1. Oestrogen cream did not improve the continuation rate of ring pessary use and satisfaction among postmenopausal women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) compared to placebo. 2. Participants who received oestrogen cream reported less common adverse events such as excessive discharge, vaginal erosion or ulcer, and vaginal bleeding. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Pelvic organ
- [Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors may decrease risk of serious liver events in patients with cirrhosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors-may-decrease-risk-of-serious-liver-events-in-patients-with-cirrhosis/) - 1. Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors among adults with cirrhosis receiving diuretic therapy was associated with lower incidence of serious liver events, defined as the incidence of ascites, variceal development, hyponatremia, or all-cause mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Liver cirrhosis ranks as the 11th most common cause of mortality globally. Among patients
- [Medbridge turns any phone into a motion-capture coach for at-home rehab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/medbridge-turns-any-phone-into-a-motion-capture-coach-for-at-home-rehab/) - Key points: 1. Medbridge’s new smartphone-based motion-capture tool tracks rehab exercises in real time, improving adherence and reducing hardware costs. 2. Early audits suggest significant improvements in pain reduction and function scores, with potential Medicare savings estimated at $1.4 billion annually. A May 15 Pathways update lets any smartphone camera measure joint angles, count reps
- [Abridge drafts pediatric notes so physicians stay with the kids, not the keyboard](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/abridge-drafts-pediatric-notes-so-physicians-stay-with-the-kids-not-the-keyboard/) - Key points: 1. Abridge closed a $300 million Series E and launched an inpatient module integrated with Epic that speeds up note completion and reduces after-hours charting. 2. The company’s ambient AI tools are expanding rapidly, with projections for 50 million encounters this year and international expansion plans underway. Pittsburgh start-up Abridge closed a $300
- [Epic Launchpad propels generative-AI into everyday hospital routines](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/food-and-drug-administration-to-fully-integrate-generative-artificial-intelligence-by-june-2/) - Key points: 1. Epic's Launchpad enables hospitals to rapidly adopt generative-AI workflows, reportedly improving patient-message turnaround and saving labor costs 2. Over 377 hospitals are already using Launchpad, with governance paperwork reduced by 40 percent and over two million replies drafted in four weeks. Epic rolled out Launchpad in early June, handing hospitals ten ready-to-run
- [#VisualAbstract: Routine Cerebral Embolic Protection Did Not Reduce Stroke Incidence during Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-routine-cerebral-embolic-protection-did-not-reduce-stroke-incidence-during-transcatheter-aortic-valve-implantation/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Structured Exercise after Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/structured-exercise-after-adjuvant-chemotherapy-for-colon-cancer/) - 1. The 5-year disease-free survival was 80.3% in the exercise group and 73.9% in the education group, with an overall HR 0.72 (significant). 2. Musculoskeletal adverse events occurred in 18.5% of the exercise group and 11.5% of the education group Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Standard adjuvant treatment for high-risk stage II or
- [Tarlatamab in Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Platinum-Based Chemotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tarlatamab-in-small-cell-lung-cancer-after-platinum-based-chemotherapy/) - 1. Median overall survival was 13.6 months in the tarlatamab group and 8.3 months in the chemotherapy group, with HR 0.60 (significant) 2. Adverse events grade 3 or higher occurred in 54% of the tarlatamab group and 80% of the chemotherapy group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is challenging
- [Breast cancer survivors may have a lower risk of Alzheimer's dementia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/breast-cancer-survivors-may-have-a-lower-risk-of-alzheimers-dementia/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, breast cancer survivors had a lower risk of Alzheimer’s dementia compared with cancer-free controls. 2. Radiation therapy was associated with a significantly decreased risk of AD development among breast cancer survivors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide, with advances in
- [#VisualAbstract: Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-neoadjuvant-and-adjuvant-pembrolizumab-in-locally-advanced-head-and-neck-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Cagrilintide-Semaglutide is Effective for Weight Loss in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-cagrilintide-semaglutide-is-effective-for-weight-loss-in-adults-with-overweight-or-obesity-and-type-2-diabetes/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Tarlatamab Improves Survival in Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Platinum-Based Chemotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-tarlatamab-improves-survival-in-small-cell-lung-cancer-after-platinum-based-chemotherapy-2/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Lactated Ringer’s Solution Does Not Improve Outcomes Relative to Normal Saline](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-lactated-ringers-solution-does-not-improve-outcomes-relative-to-normal-saline/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Celebrity diagnoses spur screenings, athlete mental-health push, reality-TV heart lesson, and a sitcom PSA wave](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-celebrity-diagnoses-spur-screenings-athlete-mental-health-push-reality-tv-heart-lesson-and-a-sitcom-psa-wave/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Jessie J’s candid breast-cancer reveal sparks a screening stampede On June 24 Jessie J told her 16 million Instagram followers that routine imaging had uncovered stage I breast cancer, adding that surgery is booked for June
- [2MM: AI Roundup – FDA’s AI Push, Trial Speedups with Real-World Data, Smart Surgical Monitors, and Regulatory Overhaul Begins [July 2nd, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-fdas-ai-push-trial-speedups-with-real-world-data-smart-surgical-monitors-and-regulatory-overhaul-begins-may-23rd-2025/) - Epic Launchpad propels generative AI into everyday hospital routines Epic Systems quietly rolled out Launchpad earlier this month, handing health systems a starter kit of ten generative-AI workflows plus an on-call Epic “shepherd” to steer projects around governance potholes. Becker’s Hospital Review tallies 377 Epic customers already live on at least one gen-AI feature, while 180 have flipped on the MyChart drafting assistant.
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Gastric Immunotherapy Gains, Prostate Pill Expansion, Five-Minute Myeloma Dosing, and Streamlined CAR-T Access  [July 8th 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-gastric-immunotherapy-gains-prostate-pill-expansion-five-minute-myeloma-dosing-and-streamlined-car-t-access-july-8th-2025/) - Imfinzi Combo Cuts Gastric Cancer Risk by Twenty Nine Percent Earlier this week at the American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting, investigators presented results from the nine hundred fifty patient MATTERHORN study showing that peri operative durvalumab plus FLOT reduced the combined risk of progression, recurrence, or death by twenty nine percent. Researchers used a nimble liquid biopsy strategy
- [Early acetaminophen use reduces mortality risk in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-acetaminophen-use-reduces-mortality-risk-in-patients-with-sepsis-associated-encephalopathy/) - 1. Administration of acetaminophen within 48h of intensive care unit admission was associated with reduced short- and long-term mortality in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication of sepsis that involves neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier disruption and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Acetaminophen, a drug
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind June 30, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-june-30-2025/) - Right C7 neurotomy at the intervertebral foramen plus intensive speech and language therapy versus intensive speech and language therapy alone for chronic post-stroke aphasia: multicentre, randomised controlled trial 1. Among patients with chronic aphasia post-stroke, right neurotomy of the seventh cervical nerve (C7) plus intensive speech and language therapy (SLT) was superior to intensive SLT
- [Novel inhibitory antibody, MAR001, lowers triglycerides and remnant cholesterol in humans](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/novel-inhibitory-antibody-mar001-lowers-triglycerides-and-remnant-cholesterol-in-humans/) - 1. ANGPTL4 inhibition decreased triglyceride and remnant cholesterol levels by over 50%. 2. MAR001 was well-tolerated with no significant treatment-related adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: ANGPTL4 is a promising therapeutic target for reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. While genetic loss-of-function in ANGPTL4 appears safe in humans, prior studies in knockout
- [Abbreviated MRI is superior to whole-breast ultrasound for detection of cancer in dense breasts](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/abbreviated-mri-is-superior-to-whole-breast-ultrasound-for-detection-of-cancer-in-dense-breasts/) - 1. Abbreviated MRI detected three times as many invasive cancers compared with ABUS. 2. Contrast-enhanced mammography detected a greater number of invasive cancers compared to ABUS, although this was not statistically significant. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Women with dense breasts face barriers in breast cancer detection since standard mammograms are less effective
- [Weighted vests and resistance training confer similar outcomes for bone density in the elderly](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/weighted-vests-and-resistance-training-confer-similar-outcomes-for-bone-density-in-the-elderly/) - 1. In this 12-month randomized clinical trial, weight loss (WL)-associated bone loss occurred in older adults with obesity, regardless of whether they used a weighted vest or resistance training (RT). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Obesity is rising in older adults and poses detrimental health risks, however, recommending weight loss (WL) has been controversial due
- [Evaluating scar outcomes in pediatric burn patients following skin grafting ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/evaluating-scar-outcomes-in-pediatric-burn-patients-following-skin-grafting/) - 1. In this cohort of pediatric burn patients, poorer long-term scar outcomes, as indicated by Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) scores, were associated with younger age at injury, longer postoperative healing time, and burns located on the trunk or lower extremity. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Poor scar outcomes in the pediatric population
- [Food compounds associated with disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/food-compounds-associated-with-disease-activity-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease/) - 1. This retrospective cohort study identified several dietary compounds, specifically fatty acids, that are associated with remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have long been known to be impacted by diet. While general advice on less processed food has been suggested, specific
- [Volumetric diet and time-restricted eating demonstrate similar outcomes for weight reduction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/volumetric-diet-and-time-restricted-eating-demonstrate-similar-outcomes-for-weight-reduction/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial comparing the volumetrics diet (VD) and time-restricted eating (TRE), both interventions led to significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, and fat mass, while preserving lean body mass. 2. VD had a significantly lower adherence rate compared with TRE. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Obesity has been a
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind June 23, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-june-23-2025/) - Weighted Vest Use or Resistance Exercise to Offset Weight Loss–Associated Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial 1. In this 12-month randomized clinical trial, weight loss (WL)-associated bone loss occurred in older adults with obesity, regardless of whether they used a weighted vest or resistance training (RT). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Obesity
- [Tirzepatide-associated improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors linked to degree of weight loss](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tirzepatide-associated-improvements-in-cardiometabolic-risk-factors-linked-to-degree-of-weight-loss/) - 1. In this post-hoc analysis of the SURMOUNT-1 trial, there was a mostly linear relationship between percentage change in weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factors such as waist circumference and blood pressure. 2. Decreases in hemoglobin A1c were seen even with modest weight reduction, whereas improvements in lipid profile were primarily demonstrated with more significant
- [Reductions in pain catastrophizing are associated with improvements in emotional functioning](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/reductions-in-pain-catastrophizing-are-associated-with-improvements-in-emotional-functioning/) - 1. Reductions in pain catastrophizing are more closely associated with improvements in emotional functioning than with pain intensity Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This prospective observational study investigated whether pain catastrophizing, a maladaptive cognitive-emotional response to pain, is a static trait or a dynamic state influenced by interventional treatment outcomes. Among 128 adults with chronic
- [Repeated medial branch blocks do not improve pain outcomes for thermal radiofrequency ablation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/repeated-medial-branch-blocks-do-not-improve-pain-outcomes-for-thermal-radiofrequency-ablation/) - 1. For patients with facet-mediated spine pain that achieve ≥80% pain relief after a medial branch block, a second diagnostic block does not improve post-radiofrequency ablation pain outcomes but may delay definitive treatment. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This retrospective study examined whether receiving one versus two medial branch blocks (MBBs) prior to thermal radiofrequency
- [Early screening for emotional and cognitive issues may improve psychiatric outcomes for stroke patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-screening-for-emotional-and-cognitive-issues-may-improve-psychiatric-outcomes-for-stroke-patients/) - 1. Routine single-session screening for emotional and cognitive issues post-stroke does not improve long-term societal participation but may offer modest early benefits in anxiety and quality of life Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) The ECO-stroke trial, a multicenter, cluster-randomized controlled study, evaluated whether structured screening and care for emotional and cognitive problems at 6 weeks
- [Artificial intelligence may assist in early detection of decreased ejection fraction on echocardiograms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-may-assist-in-early-detection-of-decreased-ejection-fraction-on-echocardiograms/) - 1. AI-assisted electrocardiogram (ECG) improves early detection of low ejection fraction in hospitalized patients by enhancing diagnostic precision without increasing echocardiogram use Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This pragmatic randomized controlled trial evaluated the impact of an AI-enabled ECG algorithm on the early diagnosis of low ejection fraction (EF ≤50%) in hospitalized patients under non-cardiologist
- [Large language models show potential to provide feedback on research papers on a large-scale](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/large-language-models-show-potential-to-provide-feedback-on-research-papers-on-a-large-scale/) - 1. Liang and colleagues retrospectively compared Generative Pretrained Transformer 4 (GPT-4)’s comments on scientific papers to those of human peer reviewers. 2. Appropriate overlap between the comments made by GPT-4 and human reviewers was found, and researchers found GPT-4-generated feedback beneficial. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Effective feedback from peer reviewers is crucial
- [#VisualAbstract: Once-Weekly Mazdutide Reduced Body Weight in Obese or Overweight Chinese Adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-once-weekly-mazdutide-reduced-body-weight-in-obese-or-overweight-chinese-adults/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Frailty scores alone may be poor predictors of intensive care admission or hospital stay duration](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/frailty-scores-alone-may-be-poor-predictors-of-intensive-care-admission-or-hospital-stay-duration/) - 1. Frailty scores alone (mFI-5, CCI) are poor predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or prolonged hospital stay in elderly patients undergoing diverse elective surgeries Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) This single-center retrospective study evaluated the predictive value of the Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for critical care admission and
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind June 16, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-june-16-2025/) - Relationship of pain relief with catastrophizing following interventional pain procedures for low back pain 1. Reductions in pain catastrophizing are more closely associated with improvements in emotional functioning than with pain intensity Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This prospective observational study investigated whether pain catastrophizing, a maladaptive cognitive-emotional response to pain, is a static trait
- [Fecal microbiota transplantation may be more effective than vancomycin in treating primary C. difficile infection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-may-be-more-effective-than-vancomycin-in-treating-primary-c-difficile-infection/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, a higher proportion of patients who underwent fecal microbiota transplantation achieved clinical cure of primary Clostridioides difficile infection without recurrence compared with patients who were treated with vancomycin. 2. The frequency of adverse events was similar between the two groups, and no adverse events were deemed to be related
- [Semaglutide may improve cardiovascular outcomes versus empagliflozin in patients with diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/semaglutide-may-improve-cardiovascular-outcomes-versus-empagliflozin-in-patients-with-diabetes/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, treatment with semaglutide resulted in nominally lower incidence of the composite of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke compared to empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. 2. Patients treated with dulaglutide and empagliflozin had similar rates of the composite outcome. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Type 2
- [Anal cancer screening cost-effective for men who have sex with men with human immunodeficiency virus aged above 35 years](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/anal-cancer-screening-cost-effective-for-men-who-have-sex-with-men-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-aged-above-35-years/) - 1. In this microsimulation model, initiation of anal cancer screening in men who have sex with men with human immunodeficiency virus at age 35 was cost-effective and greatly reduced mortality. 2. Most cost-efficient strategies utilized cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV)-based triage approaches, with quadrennial cytology with HPV16 triage being associated with the least harm. Evidence
- [Hypotension- and hypertension-avoidance strategies may yield similar neurocognitive outcomes following noncardiac surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hypotension-and-hypertension-avoidance-strategies-may-yield-similar-neurocognitive-outcomes-following-noncardiac-surgery/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, hypotension- and hypertension-avoidance strategies yielded similar post-operative delirium frequency and severity following non-cardiac surgery. 2. The two strategies also demonstrated similar rates of cognitive decline at 1 year following noncardiac surgery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by fluctuating disturbances in
- [#VisualAbstract: Tarlatamab Improves Survival in Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Platinum-Based Chemotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-tarlatamab-improves-survival-in-small-cell-lung-cancer-after-platinum-based-chemotherapy/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Elinzanetant Effectively Reduces Vasomotor Symptoms from Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-elinzanetant-effectively-reduces-vasomotor-symptoms-from-endocrine-therapy-for-breast-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Encorafenib, Cetuximab, and mFOLFOX6 Improves Survival in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-encorafenib-cetuximab-and-mfolfox6-improves-survival-in-braf-mutated-colorectal-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus demonstrates similar outcomes compared to surgical repair](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/transcatheter-closure-of-patent-ductus-arteriosus-demonstrates-similar-outcomes-compared-to-surgical-repair/) - 1. Respiratory outcomes for preterm infants with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) undergoing transcatheter closure compared to surgical ligation did not differ. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Transcatheter closure of PDAs has seen increased use in recent years. However, indications and the optimal timing of this procedure as well as comparisons with traditional management options
- [Use of psychiatric medications may be associated with a higher risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/use-of-psychiatric-medications-may-be-associated-with-a-higher-risk-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/) - 1. Prediagnostic use of anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives and antidepressants were associated with a higher risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) While ALS has been historically recognized as a disease affecting the motor neurons, psychiatric symptoms have also been shown to be a manifestation of ALS. Studies investigating the relationship between
- [Dapagliflozin may improve outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dapagliflozin-may-improve-outcomes-in-patients-with-metabolic-dysfunction-associated-steatohepatitis/) - 1. The use of dapagliflozin in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) resulted in a higher proportion of improvement of MASH compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Therapeutic options for MASH remain limited, with current management strategies focusing on the treatment of coexisting conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While sodium-glucose
- [Rectoscopy alone may be sufficient to evaluate for remission of ulcerative colitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/rectoscopy-alone-may-be-sufficient-to-evaluate-for-remission-of-ulcerative-colitis/) - 1. Rectoscopy alone for evaluation of endoscopic and histologic remission of ulcerative colitis (UC) had good accuracy and is sufficient for use in clinical practice. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In recent years, endoscopic healing has become one of the main treatment targets in UC with studies also showing that histologic healing is associated with
- [Early induction of labour reduces shoulder dystocia rates in large for gestational age fetuses](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/early-induction-of-labour-reduces-shoulder-dystocia-rates-in-large-for-gestational-age-fetuses/) - 1. Shoulder dystocia was less common in the early induction group compared to standard care. 2. Serious adverse events were comparable between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Shoulder dystocia is a serious childbirth complication that may be more likely in large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Although early delivery could
- [Obicetrapib and ezetimibe combination therapy lowers LDL cholesterol in high-risk patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/obicetrapib-and-ezetimibe-combination-therapy-lowers-ldl-cholesterol-in-high-risk-patients/) - 1. FDC obicetrapib plus ezetimibe significantly decreased LDL cholesterol levels by 48.6% compared to placebo. 2. Serious adverse events were comparable in FDC, obicetrapib, ezetimibe, and placebo groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Lowering LDL cholesterol is a proven strategy to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). While current therapies help, many patients remain
- [Upadacitinib with glucocorticoids superior to glucocorticoids alone for giant cell arteritis remission](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/upadacitinib-with-glucocorticoids-superior-to-glucocorticoids-alone-for-giant-cell-arteritis-remission/) - 1. In this randomized trial, upadacitinib dosed at 15mg with a 26-week glucocorticoid taper showed superior efficacy than placebo with a 52-week glucocorticoid taper for sustained remission of giant cell arteritis. 2. Upadacitinib dosed at 7.5mg was not superior to placebo for sustaining complete remission of giant cell arteritis at 52 weeks. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during pregnancy does not reduce risk of prematurity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-during-pregnancy-does-not-reduce-risk-of-prematurity/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, prophylactic treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was not associated with a reduction in the incidence of prematurity or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births. 2. TMP-SMX treatment was not associated with a higher incidence of adverse events of congenital anomalies. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Prematurity and SGA status, defined as
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind June 9, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-june-9-2025/) - Respiratory Outcomes After Transcatheter vs Surgical Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Preterm Infants 1. Respiratory outcomes for preterm infants with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) undergoing transcatheter closure compared to surgical ligation did not differ. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Transcatheter closure of PDAs has seen increased use in recent years. However, indications and the
- [#VisualAbstract: Avatrombopag is an Effective Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Immune Thrombocytopenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-avatrombopag-is-an-effective-treatment-for-children-and-adolescents-with-immune-thrombocytopenia/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Sotatercept reduces adverse event risk in high-risk pulmonary arterial hypertension](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sotatercept-reduces-adverse-event-risk-in-high-risk-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and high risk of mortality, sotatercept reduced the rate of composite all-cause mortality, lung transplantation, or PAH-related hospitalization. 2. Sotatercept was associated with an increased risk of developing epistaxis and telangiectasia. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: PAH is a progressive
- [Oral semaglutide reduces cardiovascular event rates in high-risk patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-semaglutide-reduces-cardiovascular-event-rates-in-high-risk-patients/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, oral semaglutide significantly reduced the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and coexisting cardiovascular and/or kidney disease. 2. Oral semaglutide was not associated with an increased incidence of serious adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The injectable formulation of semaglutide, a
- [Tolebrutinib reduces disability progression in nonrelapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tolebrutinib-reduces-disability-progression-in-nonrelapsing-secondary-progressive-multiple-sclerosis/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial of patients with nonrelapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), oral tolebrutinib reduced the risk of disability progression sustained for at least six months, compared to placebo. 2. Tolebrutinib was associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infections, relapse of MS, and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, which resulted
- [Risankizumab is superior to ustekinumab for endoscopic remission of Crohn’s disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/risankizumab-superior-to-ustekinumab-for-endoscopic-remission-of-crohns-disease/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, risankizumab was non-inferior to ustekinumab in terms of clinical remission at 24 weeks in treating patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. 2. Risankizumab was superior to ustekinumab in attaining endoscopic remission at 48 weeks. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease
- [Intravenous hydrocortisone may reduce risk of kidney failure in patients with sepsis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intravenous-hydrocortisone-may-reduce-risk-of-kidney-failure-in-patients-with-sepsis/) - 1. Intravenous hydrocortisone treatment was associated with reduced odds of new kidney replacement in patients with septic shock. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The incidence of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is increasing among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). SA-AKI is associated with an increased risk of mortality and kidney impairment among
- [Impaired lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/impaired-lipoprotein-cholesterol-ratio-is-associated-with-cognitive-impairment-in-patients-with-stroke/) - 1. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) was independently associated with early cognitive impairment in patients with mild acute ischemic stroke. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) commonly exhibit early cognitive impairment, which adversely impacts their quality of life and functional recovery. Dyslipidemia is an independent risk
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup – Perioperative Immunotherapy Efficacy, Expanded Prostate Cancer Indication, Rapid Subcutaneous Myeloma Administration, and Regulatory Compliance Findings [June 4 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-price-hikes-breakthrough-approvals-legal-showdowns-biotech-expansion-and-europes-pricing-debate-may-12nd-2025-2/) - Imfinzi Combo Shows Promise in Early Gastric Cancer At the American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting earlier this week, investigators shared the first look at the 950-patient MATTERHORN study showing that peri operative durvalumab plus FLOT trimmed the combined risk of progression, recurrence or death by 29 percent. A nimble liquid biopsy strategy let researchers
- [Midlife weight loss is associated with decreased risk of mortality and chronic disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/midlife-weight-loss-is-associated-with-decreased-risk-of-mortality-and-chronic-disease/) - 1. Participants with sustained midlife weight loss from nonsurgical and nonpharmacological intervention had a decreased risk of chronic diseases beyond type 2 diabetes, and decreased risk of all-cause mortality, compared to participants with persistent overweight. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Although behavioral weight loss among individuals with overweight and obesity has been linked to decreased
- [Ocular trauma may be a predictor of mortality in geriatric patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ocular-trauma-may-be-a-predictor-of-mortality-in-geriatric-patients/) - 1. Geriatric patients with ocular trauma had higher mortality rates within 5 years, particularly within the first year post-injury. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Ocular trauma is a leading cause of vision loss and may be a result of falls. In addition to contributing to severe injuries, falls are also associated with an increased risk
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind June 2, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-june-2-2025/) - Comparison of the long-term prognostic value of different frailty instruments in older inpatients: a 5-year prospective cohort study 1. Frailty identified by all five commonly used frailty scales was associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality. 2. Among hospitalized patients, the comprehensive geriatric assessment-frailty index (CGA-FI) had the highest accuracy in predicting 5-year all-cause
- [Oveporexton improves symptoms in patients with narcolepsy type 1](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oveporexton-improves-symptoms-in-patients-with-narcolepsy-type-1/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, oveporexton use significantly improved symptoms of narcolepsy over eight weeks. 2. Adverse events were more frequent with oveporexton use than placebo, and the frequency of adverse events increased with greater exposure to oveporexton. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Narcolepsy type 1 is a hypersomnolence disorder that is characterized
- [Second-line TAF-based ART improves viral suppression in pediatric HIV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/second-line-tafb-improves-viral-suppression-in-pediatric-hiv/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial (CHAPAS-4), tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) with emtricitabine showed superior viral suppression at 96 weeks compared to standard care (abacavir or zidovudine with lamivudine) in children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa. 2. Dolutegravir as an anchor drug outperformed ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and atazanavir, with a higher rate of
- [Arsa-cel preserves motor and cognitive function in metachromatic leukodystrophy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/arsa-cel-preserves-motor-and-cognitive-function-in-metachromatic-leukodystrophy/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, treatment with atidarsagene autotemce (arsa-cel) significantly reduced the risk of severe motor impairment and death in patients with early-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) subtypes. 2. Arsa-cel demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no treatment-related serious adverse events or deaths reported. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: MLD is an autosomal
- [Hereditary erythrocytosis is associated with a fetal-like EPO isoform](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hereditary-erythrocytosis-is-associated-with-a-fetal-like-epo-isoform/) - 1. This case series identified three non-coding erythropoietin (EPO) variants that significantly increased gene expression under hypoxic conditions. 2. The EPO variants induced altered glycosylation, modifying the protein's isoelectric properties and enhancing its activity. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: Erythrocytosis, an excessive increase in circulating red blood cells, can be classified as primary
- [Tolebrutinib not superior to teriflunomide in reducing relapsing multiple sclerosis relapse rates](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tolebrutinib-not-superior-to-teriflunomide-in-reducing-relapsing-multiple-sclerosis-relapse-rates/) - 1. In concurrent randomized controlled trials (GEMINI 1 and GEMINI 2) of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS), tolebrutinib did not significantly reduce relapse rates compared to teriflunomide. 2. The incidence of adverse events was similar between the tolebrutinib and teriflunomide groups, with no significant differences. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Multiple sclerosis
- [Delayed alteplase has clinical benefits in posterior circulation stroke outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/delayed-alteplase-has-clinical-benefits-in-posterior-circulation-stroke-outcomes/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial of patients with posterior circulation stroke not for thrombectomy, treatment with alteplase 4.5 to 24 hours after symptom onset increased the likelihood of functional independence by 90 days, compared to standard treatment. 2. The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was higher with alteplase, but mortality at 90 days was higher
- [Pulsed field ablation noninferior to cryoablation for reducing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation recurrence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pulsed-field-ablation-noninferior-to-cryoablation-for-paroxysmal-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial of patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, pulsed field ablation (PFA) was noninferior to cryoablation in reducing the incidence of first recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias. 2. The incidence of procedure-related complications was comparable between the PFA and cryoablation groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: PAF is a
- [Lepodisiran, a long-duration small interfering RNA, reduces lipoprotein(a) levels](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lepodisiran-a-long-duration-small-interfering-rna-reduces-lipoproteina-levels/) - 1. Lepodisiran, a long-duration small interfering RNA targeting lipoprotein(a) synthesis, reduced serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) compared to placebo in adults with elevated levels. 2. Lepodisiran was associated with injection-site reactions, but no serious adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) levels are prevalent in worldwide populations and associated with an
- [Mixed reality exposure therapy may have a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mixed-reality-exposure-therapy-may-have-a-role-in-obsessive-compulsive-disorder/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, mixed reality exposure and response prevention (MERP) was a feasible treatment for contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder (C-OCD); however, it did not significantly outperform self-guided exposure response prevention (SERP). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder affecting 1-3% of individuals worldwide. The first line recommended
- [Incidence and prevalence of dementia among US Medicare beneficiaries between 2015 - 2021](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/incidence-and-prevalence-of-dementia-among-us-medicare-beneficiaries-between-2015-2021/) - 1. In this cohort of older adults, the overall incidence of dementia decreased from 2015 to 2021, however, the prevalence increased. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Dementia has become a top priority in the United States due to the rapidly aging population. Dementia is a group of neurological conditions characterized by a decline in cognitive
- [Personalized visual perceptual learning digital therapy may improve vision post-stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/personalized-visual-perceptual-learning-digital-therapy-may-improve-vision-post-stroke/) - 1. In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, a 12-week personalized visual perceptual learning (VPL) program significantly improved visual field function in stroke patients with visual field defects (VFDs) compared to no treatment. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Brain damage, such as from a stroke, can cause visual field defects (VFDs) that reduce vision and impair
- [#VisualAbstract: As-Needed Albuterol-Budesonide is Effective in Mild Asthma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-as-needed-albuterol-budesonide-is-effective-in-mild-asthma/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Tolebrutinib Reduced Disaibility Progression in Nonrelapsing Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-tolebrutinib-reduced-disaibility-progression-in-nonrelapsing-secondary-progressive-multiple-sclerosis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Navigational Bronchoscopy is Noninferior to Transthoracic Needle Biopsy for Diagnostic Accuracy in Lung Nodules](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-navigational-bronchoscopy-is-noninferior-to-transthoracic-needle-biopsy-for-diagnostic-accuracy-in-lung-nodules/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Methotrexate is Noninferior to Prednisone in the Treatment of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-methotrexate-is-noninferior-to-prednisone-in-the-treatment-of-pulmonary-sarcoidosis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Semaglutide improves walking ability in patients with peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/72164-2/) - 1. Maximum walking distance at 52 weeks was significantly improved with semaglutide. 2. There were fewer treatment-related serious adverse events in the semaglutide group compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a serious condition affecting circulation in the legs and is common among individuals with type 2
- [Unconditional cash transfers may increase breastfeeding but have little effect on postpartum mood](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/unconditional-cash-transfers-may-increase-breastfeeding-but-have-little-effect-on-postpartum-mood/) - 1. In this systematic review, strong evidence showed that unconditional cash transfers may increase breastfeeding in diverse populations. 2. There was no significant association between cash transfers and postpartum mood. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Compared with other high-income countries, the United States suffers from significantly higher rates of maternal mortality. Studies have
- [Oral gepotidacin is non-inferior to standard therapy for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/oral-gepotidacin-is-non-inferior-to-standard-therapy-for-uncomplicated-urogenital-gonorrhea/) - 1. Gepotidacin was non-inferior to ceftriaxone plus azithromycin for the primary outcome of microbiological success. 2. There were no serious or treatment-related adverse events in either group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Gepotidacin is a new antibacterial agent that may be effective in treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Given concerns over antibiotic resistance,
- [Social isolation is a marker of increased mortality and cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/social-isolation-is-a-marker-of-increased-mortality-and-cardiovascular-risk-in-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, social isolation is associated with decreased survival time and accelerated onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which the kidneys have abnormalities in structure or function that last for 3 months
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Billy Joel’s Brain Condition, Gigi Robinson’s Surgical Advocacy, Climate and Cancer Risk, and West Nile Virus Reaches the United Kingdom](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-billy-joels-brain-condition-gigi-robinsons-surgical-advocacy-climate-and-cancer-risk-and-west-nile-virus-reaches-the-united-kingdom/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Billy Joel’s Brain Condition Brings Attention to a Rare Neurological Disorder This week Billy Joel shared the news that he’s been diagnosed with normal pressure hydrocephalus, a condition affecting roughly 0.2 to 2.5 people per 100,000
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 26, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-26-2025/) - Exposure Therapy in Mixed Reality for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial 1. In this randomized clinical trial, mixed reality exposure and response prevention (MERP) was a feasible treatment for contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder (C-OCD); however, it did not significantly outperform self-guided exposure response prevention (SERP). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a
- [Becton Dickinson Unveils Artificial Intelligence Powered Monitor for Surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/becton-dickinson-unveils-artificial-intelligence-powered-monitor-for-surgery/) - Key points:1. The HemoSphere Alta system from Becton Dickinson uses artificial intelligence to predict blood pressure drops during surgery2. Early testing shows it improves predictive accuracy by over 30 percent compared to conventional monitors Operating rooms are getting a major upgrade with help from artificial intelligence. On May 13, Becton Dickinson launched the HemoSphere Alta
- [Artificial Intelligence Model Matches Patients to Clinical Trials with Near Human Accuracy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-model-matches-patients-to-clinical-trials-with-near-human-accuracy/) - Key points:1. TrialGPT, developed by the National Institutes of Health, matches patients to clinical trials with 87.3 percent accuracy2. Clinicians using TrialGPT screened patients 40 percent faster than manual methods without significant loss in accuracy Patient recruitment has long been a headache for clinical research but a new tool is turning that around. The National
- [Artificial Intelligence and Real World Data Speed Up Drug Development](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-and-real-world-data-speed-up-drug-development/) - Key points:1. TriNetX is using real world data to reduce clinical trial enrollment time by as much as 40 percent2. Artificial intelligence models are helping researchers simulate disease progression for smarter trial designs Artificial intelligence is finally delivering the speed boost clinical trials have needed for decades. TriNetX, a company focused on real world evidence
- [Food and Drug Administration to Fully Integrate Generative Artificial Intelligence by June](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/food-and-drug-administration-to-fully-integrate-generative-artificial-intelligence-by-june/) - Key points:1. The Food and Drug Administration is preparing to launch an agency wide generative artificial intelligence system by the end of June2. A pilot tool called Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Generative Pretrained Transformer is already in use for drug review support The Food and Drug Administration is making a bold move to
- [2MM: AI Roundup – FDA’s AI Push, Trial Speedups with Real-World Data, Smart Surgical Monitors, and Regulatory Overhaul Begins [May 23rd, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2mm-ai-roundup-robot-nurses-medlms-hospital-impact-autism-diagnosis-by-eye-tracking-and-parkinsons-prediction-via-eye-scans-may-21st-2025/) - Food and Drug Administration to Fully Integrate Generative Artificial Intelligence by JuneThe Food and Drug Administration is diving headfirst into artificial intelligence, announcing plans to deploy a generative artificial intelligence system across all its centers by the end of June. Leading the charge is Jeremy Walsh, recently appointed as the agency’s first Chief Artificial Intelligence
- [Bedside parameters may help predict chronic post-traumatic head and neck pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/bedside-parameters-may-help-predict-chronic-post-traumatic-head-and-neck-pain/) - 1. Key predictors of chronic pain following motor vehicle collisions include elevated levels of acute post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), high pain catastrophizing scores, lower pressure pain thresholds on QST, specific genetic markers related to catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and adrenergic receptor function, as well as elevated IL-6. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Chronic head and neck
- [Exercise improves sexual function in men with prostate cancer  ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/exercise-improves-sexual-function-in-men-with-prostate-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, exercise was significantly associated with improved sexual function in men with prostate cancer. 2. The group that received exercise and psychosexual education and self-management intervention (PESM) did not result in further improvement compared to the exercise-only group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: One common adverse effect following
- [Worsening kidney function observed following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/worsening-kidney-function-observed-following-sars-cov-2-infection-in-children/) - 1. In this cohort of children and adolescents, there was an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and an increased risk of developing adverse post-acute kidney outcomes. 2. In patients with preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD) who developed an acute kidney injury (AKI) during infection with COVID-19, there was an increased risk of composite kidney outcomes Evidence
- [Low-frequency electrical stimulation effective for stimulation of the wrist extensors in patients after stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/low-frequency-electrical-stimulation-effective-for-stimulation-of-the-wrist-extensors-in-patients-after-stroke/) - 1. Low-frequency electrical stimulation yields greater stimulation efficiency than kilohertz-frequency stimulation in stroke patients with arm paresis, though both modalities produce similar force, discomfort, and fatigue profiles. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Stroke frequently results in upper limb paresis, severely impacting daily functioning. Electrical stimulation (ES) is a standard therapeutic intervention, but the optimal stimulation
- [Paravertebral blocks reduce postoperative opioid use in children undergoing cardiac surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/paravertebral-blocks-reduce-postoperative-opioid-use-in-children-undergoing-cardiac-surgery/) - 1. Paravertebral blocks significantly reduced early postoperative opioid use and pain compared to wound infiltration in children undergoing thoracotomy for cardiac surgery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Postoperative pain management remains a challenge in pediatric cardiac surgery, particularly following thoracotomies, where opioid use can delay recovery and increase complications. Paravertebral blocks (PVB) have been shown
- [Diabetic polyneuropathy observed to have dynamic changes overtime](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/diabetic-polyneuropathy-observed-to-have-dynamic-changes-overtime/) - 1. Neuropathic pain in diabetic polyneuropathy is dynamic over time, with distinct clinical and sensory predictors associated with both its development and resolution. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Neuropathic pain in diabetic polyneuropathy (P-DPN) remains poorly characterized in longitudinal research. This 5-year prospective study investigated the progression and predictors of neuropathic pain among 102 patients
- [Drugmakers Increase Prices on Over 250 Medications](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mental-health-chatbot-woebot-shown-to-help-with-postpartum-depression-and-anxiety/) - Key Points: 1. Over 250 branded drugs saw price increases in the U.S., including Paxlovid and cancer therapies. 2. Median price hike was 4.5 percent, triggering renewed debate over drug affordability. Pharmaceutical companies have raised prices on more than 250 branded medications in the United States, including high-profile treatments like Pfizer's Paxlovid, Bristol Myers Squibb’s
- [2MM: AI Roundup- AI Cancer Test, Smarter Hospitals, Faster Drug Discovery, and Mental Health Tech [May 2nd, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-ai-roundup-may-2nd-2025/) - AI Blood Test Could Replace Colonoscopies Forget the prep kits and uncomfortable procedures—there’s a new blood test that might change how we screen for cancer. The UK’s NHS is running a clinical trial for miONCO-Dx, an AI-powered test developed by the University of Southampton and startup Xgenera. Using just 10–15 drops of blood, it aims
- [Calorie restriction and low-fat diets may reduce depression in individuals with higher cardiometabolic risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/calorie-restriction-and-low-fat-diets-may-reduce-depression-in-individuals-with-higher-cardiometabolic-risk/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, calorie restriction and low-fat diets were associated with small improvements in depressive symptoms among individuals at elevated cardiometabolic risk. 2. However, evidence for other dietary interventions such as Mediterranean-style diets was limited, as were comparisons to first-line treatments such as antidepressant medications. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [Twice-yearly lenacapavir prevents HIV more effectively than daily F/TDF](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/twice-yearly-lenacapavir-prevents-hiv-more-effectively-than-daily-f-tdf/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among men and gender-diverse persons who have sex with men, it was found that twice-yearly lenacapavir resulted in a significantly lower human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence than with daily F/TDF. 2. The incidence of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities was similar between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [Left atrial appendage closure is noninferior to oral anticoagulation after ablation for atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/left-atrial-appendage-closure-is-noninferior-to-oral-anticoagulation-after-ablation-for-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. In this randomized trial, left atrial appendage closure was associated with lower bleeding than oral anticoagulation in patients who underwent catheter-based atrial fibrillation ablation. 2. Left atrial appendage closure was noninferior to oral anticoagulation concerning composite of death from any cause, stroke, or systemic embolism at 36 months. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [Obinutuzumab plus standard therapy is efficacious in managing active lupus nephritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/obinutuzumab-plus-standard-therapy-is-efficacious-in-managing-active-lupus-nephritis/) - 1. In this randomized trial, obinutuzumab plus standard therapy was more efficacious than standard therapy alone in providing a complete renal response in adults with active lupus nephritis. 2. There were no unexpected safety signals identified for obinutuzumab. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: There have been many advancements in the management of lupus
- [Mepolizumab decreases exacerbations in patients with eosinophilic COPD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mepolizumab-decreases-exacerbations-in-patients-with-eosinophilic-copd/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, mepolizumab decreased the annualized rate of moderate or severe exacerbations when added to triple therapy in patients with eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD). 2. The incidence of adverse effects was similar between the mepolizumab and the control group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Approximately 20 to
- [Single-dose baloxavir linked to reduced influenza transmission](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/single-dose-baloxavir-linked-to-reduced-influenza-transmission/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, influenza-positive patients who received a single dose of baloxavir had a 29% lower adjusted risk of transmitting influenza to household contacts by day five compared to placebo. 2. Symptomatic transmission was also lower with baloxavir, but the difference was not statistically significant. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Influenza
- [Reduced-dose apixaban noninferior to full dose for cancer-associated thrombosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/reduced-dose-apixaban-noninferior-to-full-dose-for-cancer-associated-thrombosis/) - 1. Among patients with active cancer and prior venous thromboembolism (VTE), extended treatment with reduced-dose apixaban demonstrated noninferior efficacy to full-dose apixaban in preventing recurrent VTE during a 12-month follow-up period. 2. The incidence of clinically relevant bleeding was significantly lower in the reduced-dose group, suggesting an improved safety profile without compromising therapeutic effectiveness. Evidence
- [Axonal injury may occur up to 9 years prior to symptom onset in multiple sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/axonal-injury-may-occur-up-to-9-years-prior-to-symptom-onset-in-multiple-sclerosis/) - 1. Multiple sclerosis patients can sustain axonal injury up to 9 years before symptom onset. 2. Until symptom onset, physical and mental well-being are comparable between affected and unaffected individuals. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Multiple sclerosis (MS) has an unclear mechanism and onset with physiological changes occurring well before symptom onset. A prodromal phase
- [Paretic limbs suffer greater loss of bone mineral density following stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/paretic-limbs-suffer-greater-loss-of-bone-mineral-density-following-stroke/) - 1. BMD may differ on paretic and nonparetic sides in stroke patients with a history of falling and balance deficits Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) There is an increased risk of fracture due to poststroke osteoporosis. These injuries particularly affect the hip. However, current recommendations rarely recommend bone mineral density (BMD) measurements as a follow-up
- [Use of hydroxychloroquine may be protective for cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/use-of-hydroxychloroquine-may-be-protective-for-cardiovascular-events-in-patients-with-systemic-lupus-erythematosus/) - 1. In this observational cohort study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, the current use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular events. 2. Compared to patients that stopped the use of hydroxychloroquine or never used it, patients currently undergoing treatment with hydroxychloroquine were statistically less likely to undergo
- [Coffee consumption associated with better cognitive performance in patients with atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/coffee-consumption-associated-with-better-cognitive-performance-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - Coffee consumption correlates with better cognitive performance in patients with a high incidence for stroke 1. In this cohort of individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF), coffee consumption was associated with a higher performance on cognitive tests in a dose-dependent manner, and a decreased presence of inflammatory markers. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Atrial fibrillation (AF)
- [Transcranial direct current stimulation affect neural connectivity and subsequent fibromyalgia symptoms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/transcranial-direct-current-stimulation-affect-neural-connectivity-and-subsequent-fibromyalgia-symptoms/) - 1. Home-based active transcranial direct current stimulation (HB-a-tDCS) can affect the neural connectivity between the brain regions connecting pain and emotions which can be used as a neural marker for fibromyalgia (FM) management. 2. HB-a-tDCS on the l-DLPFC was positively correlated with sleep quality. 3. HB-a-tDCS on l-DLPFC and HB-s-tDCS on M1 were positively correlated
- [High volume-rate echocardiography may be capable of assessing cardiac function in a single heartbeat](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/high-volume-rate-echocardiography-may-be-capable-of-assessing-cardiac-function-in-a-single-heartbeat/) - High volume-rate echocardiography for simultaneous imaging of electromechanical activation and cardiac strain of the whole heart in a single heartbeat in humans 1. Non-invasive high volume-rate echocardiography was shown to be a novel but efficacious means of assessing cardiac function in a single heartbeat. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Currently, there are no noninvasive techniques
- [Sarcopenia may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sarcopenia-may-be-associated-with-an-increased-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease/) - 1. In this prospective cohort, there was a significantly increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the participants with possible sarcopenia at baseline compared to those without sarcopenia. The participants with sarcopenia at baseline also had an increased risk, however, it was not significant. 2. Participants with possible sarcopenia who regained non-sarcopenia status, as
- [Characterization of increased aspiration pneumonia risk in patients with stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/characterization-of-increased-aspiration-pneumonia-risk-in-patients-with-stroke/) - 1. Aspiration pneumonia in post-stroke patients showed significantly increased 90-day mortality, longer hospital stays, and more cardiovascular events at one year 2. Stroke patients admitted to the medicine ward had increased pneumonia risk compared to stroke unit admission Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This retrospective cohort study analyzed the impact of stroke severity on the
- [Central sensitization syndrome may be associated with chronic autonomic concerns](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/central-sensitization-syndrome-may-be-associated-with-chronic-autonomic-concerns/) - 1. Central sensitization syndrome is present in most patients with chronic autonomic concerns 2. Patients with central sensitization syndrome reported worse autonomic symptoms despite showing less severe objective autonomic dysfunction Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This study investigated the role of central sensitization syndrome (CSS) in patients with chronic autonomic symptoms unexplained by objective testing,
- [Probiotic mitigates gut hypoperfusion-associated acute gastrointestinal injury in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/probiotic-mitigates-gut-hypoperfusion-associated-acute-gastrointestinal-injury-in-patients-undergoing-cardiopulmonary-bypass/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, preoperative probiotic supplementation was associated with a reduced incidence of acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) and nosocomial infections and shorter ICU stay time. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Past studies have shown a strong connection between the gut microbiome and cardiovascular health. Previous research has shown that gut microbiota can
- [Chronic fatigue is a common symptom associated with transient ischemic attack](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/chronic-fatigue-is-a-common-symptom-associated-with-transient-ischemic-attack/) - 1. Over half of transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients experience persistent fatigue up to one-year post-event, with early fatigue and prior anxiety/depression strongly predicting long-term symptoms. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Although transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are defined by the resolution of symptoms within 24 hours, emerging evidence suggests that many patients experience persistent fatigue.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 19th, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-19th-2025/) - Blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio as predictor of mortality among acute pancreatitis patients in ICU: A retrospective cohort study 1. The blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio is an independent and superior predictor of mortality in ICU patients with acute pancreatitis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition
- [Similar recovery course noted for both sports and non-sport-related concussion in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/similar-recovery-course-noted-for-both-sports-and-non-sport-related-concussion-in-children/) - 1. Symptom recovery trajectories in children aged 5 to 12 years of age suffering from sport-related concussions (SRCs) and non-sport-related concussions (non-SRCs) were similar, with no significant differences in recovery curves across time postinjury. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: A huge proportion of concussions in young children are associated with sports and recreational
- [Magnetic resonance imaging provides important information regarding infarct topography in determining stroke mechanism and risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/magnetic-resonance-imaging-provides-important-information-regarding-infarct-topography-in-determining-stroke-mechanism-and-risk/) - 1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging in minor ischemic stroke patients reclassifies some cryptogenic stroke patients to small vessel occlusions. 2. Patients with MRI-defined cryptogenic embolic pattern are at a high risk of recurrent events. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Evaluating the risk of recurrence in stroke subtypes can guide secondary prevention, future
- [Schizophrenia incidence sharply increased following cannabis legalization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/schizophrenia-incidence-sharply-increased-following-cannabis-legalization/) - 1. After cannabis policy legalization, incident cases of schizophrenia linked to cannabis use disorder nearly tripled. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The use of cannabis has been associated with the development of psychosis and schizophrenia. However, the association between cannabis legalization and psychosis is unclear. This retrospective cohort study thus examined how population-attributable risk fraction
- [Characterization of increased cryptogenic ischemic stroke risk from smoking](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/characterization-of-increased-cryptogenic-ischemic-stroke-risk-from-smoking/) - 1. Smoking had a strong association with young cryptogenic ischemic stroke that was more pronounced in men and peaked in the 45-49 age group 2. Smoking greater than 20 pack years was necessary to see an association after adjusting for confounding variables Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This multicenter case-control study examined the association between
- [Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein levels may be helpful to aid diagnosis of sports related head injuries](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/serum-glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein-levels-may-be-helpful-to-aid-diagnosis-of-sports-related-head-injuries/) - 1. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels peak around 24 hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI) 2. Higher GFAP levels were correlated with earlier sampling time 3. GFAP levels were not correlated with subjective concussion symptom severity 4. Combining GFAP levels and Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT5) improved the diagnostic accuracy of sport-related concussion 5.
- [Benzodiazepine initiation post stroke associated with increased falls risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/benzodiazepine-initiation-post-stroke-associated-with-increased-falls-risk/) - 1. In older adults post-acute ischemic stroke, benzodiazepine initiation was associated with an increase in 10-day fall and fall-related injury risk. 2. The highest risk increase was seen in patients aged 65-74 years old and those with minor acute ischemic stroke. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This study examined the association between benzodiazepine initiation and
- [Higher nicotine consumption observed among youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/higher-nicotine-consumption-observed-among-youth-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/) - 1. This cohort of United States youths with asymptomatic attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), did not have statistically significant differences in their odds of starting nicotine or tobacco products compared with the control group. 2. The youths with more ADHD symptoms had a greater likelihood of starting nicotine or tobacco products compared to the control group.
- [Upper extremity pain associated with poor functional recovery post-stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/upper-extremity-pain-associated-with-poor-functional-recovery-post-stroke/) - 1. A third of stroke survivors experienced upper extremity pain, which was associated with poor arm functional recovery at 12 months post-stroke Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Upper extremity pain is common post-stroke and may impede motor recovery, yet its progression and impact on long-term functional outcomes remain poorly understood. This prospective study from the
- [The DOSE trial: Loop diuretic strategies in acute decompensated heart failure [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-dose-trial-loop-diuretic-strategies-in-acute-decompensated-heart-failure-classics-series/) - 1. The use of loop diuretics in acute decompensated heart failure is commonplace, but clinical practice varies widely with regards to the dosage and administration of therapy. 2. This study found that mode of administration (bolus vs. continuous infusion) and dosage (low vs. high) of loop diuretics had no significant effect on the primary endpoints of
- [The ORACLE trial: Antibiotics for preterm, prelabor rupture of membranes [Classics Series]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-oracle-trial-antibiotics-for-preterm-prelabor-rupture-of-membranes-classics-series/) - 1. Among infants born to women with preterm, premature rupture of membranes, those whose mothers were randomized to treatment with erythromycin experienced a lower incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes and prolongation of pregnancy compared to the placebo group. Original Date of Publication: March 2001 This study summary is an excerpt from the book 2 Minute Medicine’s
- [#VisualAbstract: Efruxifermin Did Not Reduce Liver Fibrosis in Compensated Liver Cirrhosis Caused by MASH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-efruxifermin-did-not-reduce-liver-fibrosis-in-compensated-liver-cirrhosis-caused-by-mash/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Tirzepatide Superior to Semaglutide in Obese Adults Without Diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-tirzepatide-superior-to-semaglutide-in-obese-adults-without-diabetes/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Extended Caffeine Does Not Reduce Hospitalization Time for Apnea in Moderately Preterm Infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-extended-caffeine-does-not-reduce-hospitalization-time-for-apnea-in-moderately-preterm-infants/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Semaglutide Improves Outcomes in Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatohepatitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-semaglutide-improves-outcomes-in-metabolic-dysfunction-associated-steatohepatitis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 12, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-12-2025/) - Real-Time AI-Assisted Insulin Titration System for Glucose Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes 1. Use of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based insulin clinical decision support system in insulin titration for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was non-inferior compared to standard therapy with senior endocrinology physicians. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) While many adults
- [Both intestinal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can assess radiologic stricturing in Crohn's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/both-intestinal-ultrasound-and-magnetic-resonance-imaging-can-assess-radiologic-stricturing-in-crohns-disease/) - 1. Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were effective imaging modalities for the assessment of the radiologic response of stricturing Crohn’s disease to treatment. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) In recent years, transmural healing has become a major treatment target in the management of Crohn’s disease. While such healing relies on imaging for
- [Casting only may be non-inferior to surgery for management of medial epicondyle fractures](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/casting-only-may-be-non-inferior-to-surgery-for-management-of-medial-epicondyle-fractures/) - 1. Casting only was non-inferior compared to surgical treatment in the management of children with medial epicondyle fractures. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Medial humeral epicondyle fractures are among the most common types of elbow fractures occurring in children. However, there remains an unclear consensus surrounding the management of displaced medial epicondyle fractures. This non-inferiority
- [Vegetarianism may be associated with a small increased risk of hypothyroidism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vegetarianism-may-be-associated-with-a-small-increased-risk-of-hypothyroidism/) - 1. After controlling for BMI, vegetarians were at a higher risk of hypothyroidism compared to those consuming a high-meat diet. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Several sources in the literature have reported that plant-based diets are associated with reduced risks of chronic health conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, consumption of
- [Physical therapy vs. glucocorticoid injection in patients with meniscal tears and knee osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/physical-therapy-vs-glucocorticoid-injection-in-patients-with-meniscal-tears-and-knee-osteoarthritis/) - 1. Patients with meniscus tears and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who were randomized to physical therapy experienced improved pain and quality of life at 1 year of follow-up compared to those randomized to receive glucocorticoid injections. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Severe tears of the meniscus may lead to KOA, wherein the most common management approach
- [Novartis and Sanofi Urge EU to Raise Drug Prices](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/novartis-and-sanofi-urge-eu-to-raise-drug-prices/) - Key Points: 1. European pharma leaders push for higher drug prices to boost global competitiveness. 2. CEOs warn EU may lose out on innovation if current pricing limits remain. The chief executives of Novartis and Sanofi are urging the European Union (EU) to reevaluate its pricing policies and raise drug prices to reflect the true
- [Eli Lilly Takes Legal Action Against Telehealth Startups](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/eli-lilly-takes-legal-action-against-telehealth-startups/) - Key Points: 1. Lilly sues four telehealth firms for unauthorized compounding of Mounjaro and Zepbound. 2. GLP 1 drugs remain in high demand as scrutiny of telehealth practices intensifies. Eli Lilly has filed lawsuits against four digital health companies that it claims are distributing unauthorized compounded versions of its blockbuster medications Mounjaro and Zepbound. These
- [FDA Approves Dupilumab for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fda-approves-dupilumab-for-chronic-spontaneous-urticaria/) - Key Points: 1. FDA approves Dupixent as the first new CSU treatment in over a decade. 2. Phase 3 trial shows significant symptom reduction for patients unresponsive to antihistamines. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved dupilumab, sold under the brand name Dupixent, as a treatment for chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in patients aged
- [Mental Health Chatbot Woebot Shown to Help with Postpartum Depression and Anxiety](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mental-health-chatbot-woebot-shown-to-help-with-postpartum-depression-and-anxiety-2/) - Key Points: 1. In a randomized controlled trial, use of Woebot, a mental health chatbot, significantly reduced symptoms of postpartum depression and anxiety compared to waitlist controls. 2. Improvements were observed as early as two weeks into the intervention and sustained at six weeks, with large effect sizes across multiple psychometric scales. Postpartum depression and
- [AI Symptom-Checker Could Help Emergency Doctors Prioritize Patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ai-symptom-checker-could-help-emergency-doctors-prioritize-patients/) - Key Points: 1. A new AI-powered triage system was shown to outperform junior clinicians in identifying patients requiring emergency care across multiple clinical scenarios. 2. The model accurately distinguished high-urgency cases with improved sensitivity and shorter assessment times, suggesting potential utility in emergency department (ED) workflows. Emergency departments (EDs) continue to face mounting challenges related
- [2 Minute Medicine: Pharma Roundup: Price Hikes, Breakthrough Approvals, Legal Showdowns, Biotech Expansion, and Europe's Pricing Debate [May 12nd, 2025]](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-pharma-roundup-price-hikes-breakthrough-approvals-legal-showdowns-biotech-expansion-and-europes-pricing-debate-may-12nd-2025/) - Drugmakers Increase Prices on Over 250 Medications Pharmaceutical companies have raised prices on over 250 branded medications in the U.S., including well-known treatments like Pfizer's Paxlovid, Bristol Myers Squibb’s CAR-T therapies, and a range of vaccines from Sanofi. The median price hike is about 4.5 percent, with most increases falling below 10 percent. That’s a
- [Self-perceived stress associated with increased risk of cryptogenic ischemic stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/self-perceived-stress-associated-with-increased-risk-of-cryptogenic-ischemic-stroke/) - 1. Self-reported stress levels are significantly associated with cryptogenic ischemic stroke in women and young adults (18-39 years old), representing an actionable, modifiable stroke risk factor Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Despite the evidence showing traditional vascular risk factors are associated with early-onset ischemic stroke, a significant proportion of young people experience cryptogenic
- [No difference between pharmacologic treatments in age-related macular degeneration risk reduction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/no-difference-between-pharmacologic-treatments-in-age-related-macular-degeneration-risk-reduction/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort of individuals with dementia, there was no statistically significant difference between donepezil or memantine compared to other pharmacologic treatments for dementia, and the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) development. 2. In all of the groups, there was a low percentage of participants that developed AMD, ranging from 0.6% in
- [Maternal hypertension associated with adverse neurodevelopment outcomes in preterm infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maternal-hypertension-associated-with-adverse-neurodevelopment-outcomes-in-preterm-infants/) - 1. Maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) was independently associated with adverse cognitive and language outcomes at 2 years’ corrected age. 2. Brain abnormalities at term-equivalent age partially mediated 24% of the total effect of HDP on lower cognitive scores. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) include preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and
- [Poor baseline lung function associated with increased risk of incident tuberculosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/poor-baseline-lung-function-associated-with-increased-risk-of-incident-tuberculosis/) - 1. The risk of tuberculosis (TB) was higher in individuals with obstructive or restrictive lung function impairment compared to those with normal lung function. 2. TB incidence was inversely correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease, ranking among the top 10 causes
- [Endothelial Activation and Stress Index as a predictor of mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/endothelial-activation-and-stress-index-as-a-predictor-of-mortality-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. The Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) is associated with in-hospital, short-term (28-day), and long-term (365-day) all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). 2. EASIX is a reliable indicator of poor prognosis in critically ill patients with AF. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained
- [Vaccinations may be associated with small but temporary changes in menstrual cycle length](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vaccinations-may-be-associated-with-small-but-temporary-changes-in-menstrual-cycle-length/) - 1. Influenza vaccine given alone or concurrently with a COVID-19 vaccine was associated with a small (< 1 day) but temporary change in menstrual cycle length. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Previous studies have reported menstrual disturbances following COVID-19 vaccination, including temporary changes in menstrual cycle length and heaviness in menstrual flow. As menstrual health
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Climate-Driven Crises, Serena’s Mental Fitness Revolution, Superhuman Immunity, and Healthcare on Strike](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-climate-driven-crises-serenas-mental-fitness-revolution-superhuman-immunity-and-healthcare-on-strike/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. Cyclone Mocha: Health Systems Hit Hard by Nature's Fury in Myanmar & Bangladesh A few weeks ago,, Cyclone Mocha unleashed its fury on Myanmar and Bangladesh, leaving chaos in its wake, both physically and in the
- [AI-Powered Stethoscope Could Diagnose Heart Disease in Minutes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ai-powered-stethoscope-could-diagnose-heart-disease-in-minutes/) - 1. A smart stethoscope developed by Eko Health leverages artificial intelligence to detect structural heart disease, such as valvular abnormalities, with high sensitivity. 2. The algorithm received FDA clearance after demonstrating diagnostic performance comparable to echocardiography in multiple validation studies. Advances in cardiovascular diagnostics have increasingly integrated machine learning to enable earlier detection and triage
- [Patients with varicose veins may be at an increased risk of dementia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patients-with-varicose-veins-may-be-at-an-increased-risk-of-dementia/) - 1. In this population-based cohort study, patients with varicose veins (VV) had an increased risk of all-cause dementia. 2. Treatment of VV was associated with a reduced risk of vascular dementia. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Varicose veins (VV) are characterized by enlarged and twisted superficial veins that are >3mm in diameter, primarily affecting the
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind May 5, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-may-5-2025/) - Maternal Hypertension and Adverse Neurodevelopment in a Cohort of Preterm Infants 1. Maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) was independently associated with adverse cognitive and language outcomes at 2 years’ corrected age. 2. Brain abnormalities at term-equivalent age partially mediated 24% of the total effect of HDP on lower cognitive scores. Evidence Rating Level: 2
- [Particulate foods not associated with incident diverticulitis in women](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/particulate-foods-not-associated-with-incident-diverticulitis-in-women/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, dietary intake of peanuts, nuts, and seeds was not associated with increased risk of incident diverticulitis among women. 2. Healthy dietary patterns were associated with reduced risk of incident diverticulitis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Prevention of diverticulosis and diverticulitis has historically involved avoiding particulate matter, such
- [Substantial thyroid disease reclassification under demographic-specific thyroid function reference intervals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/substantial-thyroid-disease-reclassification-under-demographic-specific-thyroid-function-reference-intervals/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study of thyroid function testing, applying new reference intervals based on age, sex, and race resulted in nearly half of participants with subclinical hypothyroidism being reclassified as normal. 2. Similarly, one-third of participants with subclinical hyperthyroidism were reclassified as normal. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: Current clinical reference intervals
- [Routine confirmatory testing for primary aldosteronism may have low diagnostic value](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/routine-confirmatory-testing-for-primary-aldosteronism-may-have-low-diagnostic-value/) - 1. In this study which investigated the diagnostic accuracy of confirmatory testing for primary aldosteronism, post-seated saline suppression test aldosterone concentrations overlapped between treatment responders and non-responders. 2. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were equivocal across various aldosterone cutoffs despite accounting for laboratory assay, differences in treatment, and occurrence of hypokalemia. Evidence Rating Level:
- [#VisualAbstract: Baloxavir Lowered Incidence of Transmission of influenza Virus to Household Contacts](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-baloxavir-lowered-incidence-of-transmission-of-influenza-virus-to-household-contacts/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Direct oral anticoagulants increase bleeding risk after intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/direct-oral-anticoagulants-increase-bleeding-risk-after-intracerebral-hemorrhage-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. Ischemic stroke occurred less often in patients with atrial fibrillation on DOACs compared to those on placebo. 2. Patients in the DOAC group reported an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients with atrial fibrillation are often prescribed direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to reduce the risks of thromboembolism
- [Atosiban does not improve neonatal outcomes in threatened preterm births between 30-34 weeks](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/atosiban-does-not-improve-neonatal-outcomes-in-threatened-preterm-births-between-30-34-weeks/) - 1. Perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity were comparable between the atosiban and placebo groups. 2. Maternal adverse events were similar among patients who received atosiban versus placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Tocolytic medications are commonly used to delay preterm birth. Atosiban, an oxytocin receptor antagonist, is one such tocolytic used for threatened
- [Ivonescimab improves survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ivonescimab-improves-survival-in-advanced-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/) - 1. Patients in the ivonescimab group demonstrated a significantly greater progression-free survival than those in the pembrolizumab group. 2. Grade 3 or greater treatment-related adverse events were more common in ivonescimab. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Ivonescimab is a bispecific antibody targeting programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
- [#VisualAbstract: DPP-1 Inhibitor Brensocatib Improves Outcomes in Bronchiectasis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-dpp-1-inhibitor-brensocatib-improves-outcomes-in-bronchiectasis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Baloxavir Treatment is Effective in Preventing Transmission of Influenza](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-baloxavir-treatment-is-effective-in-preventing-transmission-of-influenza/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Does Not Improve Outcomes in Patients with Surgical Wound Healing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-does-not-improve-outcomes-in-patients-with-surgical-wound-healing/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Topical Delgocitinib Cream is Super to Oral Alitretinoin Capsules in Adults with Severe Chronic Hand Eczema](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-topical-delgocitinib-cream-is-super-to-oral-alitretinoin-capsules-in-adults-with-severe-chronic-hand-eczema/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Alcohol use disorder may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/alcohol-use-disorder-may-be-associated-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus/) - Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnoses Among Individuals Who Take HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis 1. In this cohort of individuals taking preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), there was an increase in the development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) within 6 months of initiation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) One way to prevent the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is
- [Cannabis use frequency increased following legalization with a decrease in misuse observed](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cannabis-use-frequency-increased-following-legalization-with-a-decrease-in-misuse-observed/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, cannabis use frequency increased significantly while misuse decreased. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Globally, increasing numbers of jurisdictions are legalizing or plan to legalize the use of recreational cannabis. Canada legalized cannabis in 2018, becoming the first country in the Group of Seven to do so. Before legalization, there
- [Analysis of clinical outcomes utilizing ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/analysis-of-clinical-outcomes-utilizing-ultrasound-assisted-catheter-directed-thrombolysis-for-pulmonary-embolism/) - 1. In this cohort of patients with a pulmonary embolism (PE), ultrasound catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT) is safe for symptomatic patients with intermediate-high and high-risk acute PE. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Immediate thrombolytic therapy by intravenous injection of a plasminogen activator is a commonly used treatment to restore blood flow in patients with massive pulmonary
- [Safety of investigational vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/safety-of-investigational-vaccines-against-human-immunodeficiency-virus/) - 1. In this phase 1 randomized controlled trial, urticaria was reported in several participants who received a messenger RNA vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus. 2. Participants with urticaria were more likely to have received the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine compared with participants without urticaria. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: The success of messenger RNA
- [Utilization of an early-life risk factor score to determine later life type 2 diabetes risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/utilization-of-an-early-life-risk-factor-score-to-determine-later-life-type-2-diabetes-risk/) - Longitudinal association of cumulative risk factors in early life, genetic risk, and healthy lifestyles during adulthood with the risk of type 2 diabetes 1. In this prospective cohort study, a higher early-life risk factor score (ERS) was associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) later in life. Evidence Rating Level:
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 28, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-28-2025/) - Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnoses Among Individuals Who Take HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis 1. In this cohort of individuals taking preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), there was an increase in the development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) within 6 months of initiation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) One way to prevent the HIV epidemic is the use of
- [Military sexual trauma may increase risk of suicide attempts and drug overdoses in veterans](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/military-sexual-trauma-may-increase-risk-of-suicide-attempts-and-drug-overdoses-in-veterans/) - 1. In this longitudinal cohort study, military sexual trauma (MST) was associated with higher risk of suicide attempts among male and female veterans aged 50 years or older. 2. Victims of MST had also had higher risk of death by drug overdose. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: More than 1 million veterans are
- [Hospital-onset antimicrobial resistance increased during COVID-19 pandemic](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hospital-onset-antimicrobial-resistance-increased-during-covid-19-pandemic/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, the incidence of hospital-onset antimicrobial resistant infections was found to have increased in United States hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2. Increases in hospital-onset antimicrobial resistance were associated with pre-existing comorbidities, illness severity, and recent antibiotic use, but not hospital factors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Antimicrobial
- [Risk of bloodstream infections with indwelling peripheral catheters increase after 3 days](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/risk-of-bloodstream-infections-with-indwelling-peripheral-catheters-increase-after-3-days/) - 1. The risk of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in individuals with indwelling peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) is significantly increased after 3 days of dwell time. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: PIVCs are common among hospitalized patients, with frequently reported adverse events associated with PIVCs being phlebitis and hematoma. Thus far, there have been limited
- [BRAFV600-mutant ctDNA as a Prognostic Biomarker in Resected Stage III Melanoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/brafv600-mutant-ctdna-as-a-prognostic-biomarker-in-resected-stage-iii-melanoma/) - 1. ctDNA detection was found to have a relapse HR of 2.91 in the placebo and HR 2.98 in the treatment arm. 2. At 3 months, ctDNA detection had a sensitivity of 59%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 71%. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
- [Motivational interviewing not effective in reducing rehospitalisation and improving patient activation among patients with respiratory failure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/motivational-interviewing-not-effective-in-reducing-rehospitalisation-and-improving-patient-activation-among-patients-with-respiratory-failure/) - 1. Standalone motivational interviewing post-discharge did not reduce rehospitalization in older multimorbid patients with heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of a post-discharge motivational interviewing intervention (Supporting Patient Activation in Transition to Home, sPATH) on rehospitalization and patient activation in 207 Swedish
- [Critical-care pain observation tool demonstrates reliability for critically ill pediatric patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/critical-care-pain-observation-tool-demonstrates-reliability-for-critically-ill-pediatric-patients/) - 1. The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) showed strong correlations with other validated pain observation tools in pediatric patients Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), a behavioral pain assessment scale validated in adults, was evaluated for use in critically ill pediatric patients, particularly in mixed-age intensive care units where a
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 21, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-21-2025/) - Association between medication adherence and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with both diabetes and hypertension in primary care settings in Canada: A retrospective cohort study 1. High adherence to antidiabetics or statin monotherapy was associated with a reduced all-cause mortality 2. Adherence to antihypertensives, antidiabetics, and statins did not reduce cardiovascular disease risk Evidence Rating Level:
- [Exenatide does not slow Parkinson’s disease progression compared to placebo](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/exenatide-does-not-slow-parkinsons-disease-progression-compared-to-placebo/) - 1. There was no significant difference in functional outcome between both groups at 96 weeks. 2. Exenatide was safe and well-tolerated compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: GLP-1 receptor agonists have shown neuroprotective effects in laboratory models of Parkinson’s disease. However, it remains unclear whether these medications can modify the course
- [Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation may be effective for treatment of aldosterone-producing adenomas](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ultrasound-guided-radiofrequency-ablation-may-be-effective-for-treatment-of-aldosterone-producing-adenomas/) - 1. There were no gastric and adrenal puncture instances among patients who underwent radio-ablation in both groups. 2. Majority of patients achieved either complete or partial biochemical cure post-ablation. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Diagnostic and therapeutic measures for the management of aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas (APAs) are often invasive. Ultrasound-guided trans-gastric radiofrequency ablation
- [#VisualAbstract: Inebilizumab Improves Outcomes in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-inebilizumab-improves-outcomes-in-generalized-myasthenia-gravis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Tolebrutinib is Not Superior to Teriflunomide in the Treatment of Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-tolebrutinib-is-not-superior-to-teriflunomide-in-the-treatment-of-relapsing-multiple-sclerosis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Sotatercept Improves Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension at High Risk for Death](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-sotatercept-improves-outcomes-in-patients-with-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-at-high-risk-for-death/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Epinephrine inferior to norepinephrine as initial treatment in children with septic shock](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/epinephrine-inferior-to-norepinephrine-as-initial-treatment-in-children-with-septic-shock/) - 1. Epinephrine was associated with greater 30-day mortality compared to norepinephrine in the management of septic shock in pediatric patients. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Vasoactive agents remain the therapeutic option of choice in the management of septic shock in children who have not adequately responded to intravenous fluid resuscitation alone. In adults, norepinephrine remains
- [Heterogeneous treatment effects of stress ulcer prophylaxis among ICU patients at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/heterogeneous-treatment-effects-of-stress-ulcer-prophylaxis-among-icu-patients-at-risk-for-gastrointestinal-bleeding/) - 1. In patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with at least one risk factor for clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), the impact of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) on 28-day mortality was greatest in those who were younger, had chronic liver disease, coagulopathy or malignancy. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) While GIB can contribute
- [Inflammatory bowel disease may be associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and osteopeia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/inflammatory-bowel-disease-may-be-associated-with-increased-risk-of-osteoporosis-and-osteopeia/) - 1. In postmenopausal patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD), approximately one-third had osteoporosis while approximately 40% had osteopenia. 2. In men aged over 50 years with UC or CD, approximately 13% had osteoporosis while approximately 50% had osteopenia. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Osteopenia and osteoporosis are diseases that are well-known to
- [Sotorasib plus panitumumab may be a promising treatment option for colorectal cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sotorasib-plus-panitumumab-may-be-a-promising-treatment-option-for-colorectal-cancer/) - 1. While not statistically significant, the use of sotorasib plus panitumumab may have a 30% relative risk reduction in the risk of death compared to the investigator’s choice of chemotherapy in the management of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) glycine-to-cysteine mutation at codon 12 (KRAS G12C) colorectal cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
- [#VisualAbstract: Reduced-Dose Apixaban was Noninferior to Full-Dose for Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-reduced-dose-apixaban-was-noninferior-to-full-dose-for-cancer-associated-venous-thromboembolism/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Dapagliflozin Reduced Death and Worsening Heart Failure in Transcatheter Aor-tic-Valve Implantation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-dapagliflozin-reduced-death-and-worsening-heart-failure-in-transcatheter-aor-tic-valve-implantation/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Increased Risk of Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Risk Among Patients with Diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-increased-risk-of-non-arteritic-anterior-ischemic-optic-neuropathy-risk-among-patients-with-diabetes/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA Ophthalmology. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Higher Nicotine Consumption Observed Among Youth with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-higher-nicotine-consumption-observed-among-youth-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/) - 1. This cohort of United States youths with asymptomatic attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), did not have statistically significant differences in their odds of starting nicotine or tobacco products compared with the control group. 2. The youths with more ADHD symptoms had a greater likelihood of starting nicotine or tobacco products compared to the control group.
- [#VisualAbstract: Pulsed Field Ablation is Noninferior to Cryoballoon Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-pulsed-field-ablation-is-noninferior-to-cryoballoon-ablation-for-paroxysmal-atrial-fibrillation/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Temporal patterns of emergency department visits for firearm injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/temporal-patterns-of-emergency-department-visits-for-firearm-injury/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, emergency department visits for firearm injury were found to be highest between 2:30 and 3:00 am and on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays. 2. During the year, visit rates were disproportionally high on Independence Day, New Year’s Eve, and Christmas. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: Firearm injuries remain a
- [Poor communication closely associated with patient safety incidents](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/poor-communication-closely-associated-with-patient-safety-incidents/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, poor communication was found to contribute to nearly a quarter of patient safety incidents. 2. Poor communication amongst clinical staff members and between clinical staff and patients were both implicated in a large fraction of patient safety incidents. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Preventable harm affects
- [Increased tirzepatide use for glycemic and weight control since United States market entry](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-tirzepatide-use-for-glycemic-and-weight-control-since-united-states-market-entry/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, tirzepatide dispensations were found to have increased significantly following approval in the United States among people both with and without type 2 diabetes. 2. Among persons without type 2 diabetes, semaglutide remained the most frequently dispensed weight-lowering medication. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Obesity and type 2
- [Mirum: Ctexli reduces cholesterol metabolite build-up in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mirum-ctexli-reduces-cholesterol-metabolite-build-up-in-patients-with-cerebrotendinous-xanthomatosis/) - Ctexli significantly reduced levels of two atypical cholesterol metabolites usually elevated in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) compared to the placebo. Common side effects of Ctexli included diarrhea and nausea. The Latest In the randomized phase-3 RESTORE trial, researchers observed that Ctexli significantly reduced levels of two atypical cholesterol metabolites usually elevated in patients with
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 14, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-14-2025/) - Yoga or Strengthening Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis 1. In patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), yoga did not significantly reduce knee pain compared to those performing strengthening exercises. Yoga was non-inferior compared to strengthening exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis with similar knee symptoms, quality of life and depression observed in both groups. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Extended Reduced-Dose Apixaban for Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/extended-reduced-dose-apixaban-for-cancer-associated-venous-thromboembolism/) - 1. Recurrent VTE occurred in 2.1% in the reduced-dose group and 2.8% in the full-dose group, with HR 0.76 (was noninferior). 2. Clinically relevant bleeding occurred in 12.1% in the reduced-dose group and 15.6% in the full-dose group, with HR 0.75 (significant for superiority). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients with cancer are
- [Genetic, clinical, lifestyle and sociodemographic risk factors for head and neck cancer:](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/genetic-clinical-lifestyle-and-sociodemographic-risk-factors-for-head-and-neck-cancer/) - 1. The highest-ranking phenotypic predictors of head and neck cancer included past tobacco smoking, job code at baseline, pain experienced during the last month, qualifications, FVC (Z score), and blood pressure. 2. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were less important in predicting the risk of head and neck cancer than phenotypic variables. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
- [Measuring metabolic energy expenditure for individuals with lower limb amputation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/measuring-metabolic-energy-expenditure-for-individuals-with-lower-limb-amputation/) - 1. A two-minute walk test is less robust in measuring the stead state metabolic expenditure in lower leg amputee patients compared to total oxygen uptake analysis and minute interval analysis over 6 minutes, but it can still be accurately used if these tests are not tolerated. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) When comparing prosthetic devices,
- [App-based physical activity intervention may have a limited role among women with prior hypertensive pregnancy disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/app-based-physical-activity-intervention-may-have-a-limited-role-among-women-with-prior-hypertensive-pregnancy-disorder/) - 1. App-based interventions enhanced psychological readiness for activity but did not translate to increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in this already-active cohort Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized clinical trial evaluated two app-based interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among 619 women with prior hypertensive pregnancy disorder (HPD), a population at elevated cardiovascular
- [Spot capillary HbA1c testing may have a role in early detection of type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/spot-capillary-hba1c-testing-may-have-a-role-in-early-detection-of-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In high-risk patients, point-of-care capillary HbA1c was superior to venous HbA1c as uptake was double, leading to faster results, fewer repeat visits, and identified more undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This cluster randomized controlled trial evaluated point-of-care capillary HbA1c (POC-cHbA1c) versus standard venous HbA1c (vHbA1c) for type 2 diabetes
- [Artificial intelligence demonstrates non-inferiority to radiologists at tuberculosis detection within a population with a high-disease burden](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-demonstrates-non-inferiority-to-radiologists-at-tuberculosis-detection-within-a-population-with-a-high-disease-burden/) - 1. Kazemzadeh and colleagues evaluated the performance of AI systems that detect TB and chest X-ray abnormalities against that of radiologists. 2. AI demonstrated non-inferiority to the radiologists for active TB detection and the potential to effectively detect other chest X-ray abnormalities. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: A Chest X-ray (CXR) can improve
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind April 7, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-april-7-2025/) - Genetic, clinical, lifestyle and sociodemographic risk factors for head and neck cancer: A UK Biobank study 1. The highest-ranking phenotypic predictors of head and neck cancer included past tobacco smoking, job code at baseline, pain experienced during the last month, qualifications, FVC (Z score), and blood pressure. 2. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were less important in
- [Artificial intelligence-augmented decision-making failed to show non-inferiority compared to clinician judgment alone for coronary angiography patient selection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-augmented-decision-making-failed-to-show-non-inferiority-compared-to-clinician-judgment-alone-for-coronary-angiography-patient-selection/) - 1. Upton and colleagues assessed the appropriateness of coronary angiography referrals made by clinicians working independently or with an AI tool. 2. The primary outcome difference between the two groups did not meet the non-inferiority margin, and other metrics did not show significant differences. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Clinicians rely on non-invasive
- [Artificial intelligence-powered documentation fails to significantly improve clinician efficiency](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/artificial-intelligence-powered-documentation-fails-to-significantly-improve-clinician-efficiency/) - 1. Liu and colleagues compared efficiency between two groups of clinicians, with one group using an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered documentation platform. 2. No statistically significant differences in efficiency and financial metrics between the two groups were found, but some improvements were seen in subgroups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: AI-powered tools are increasingly
- [Imlunestrant extends progression-free survival in ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/imlunestrant-extends-progression-free-survival-in-er-positive-her2-negative-breast-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer, treatment with imlunestrant significantly extended progression-free survival in those with ERS1 mutations. 2. Imlunestrant treatment was associated with lower rates of grade 3 or higher adverse events than standard therapy. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Genomic sequencing identifies variants linked to congenital diarrhea and enteropathies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/genomic-sequencing-identifies-variants-linked-to-congenital-diarrhea-and-enteropathies/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, nearly half of the infants with congenital diarrhea and enteropathies (CODEs) had identifiable causal variants, most commonly in genes involved in epithelial cell trafficking and polarity. 2. A novel causal variant in NEUROG3, a gene critical for enteroendocrine cell development, was identified in infants with CODEs. Evidence Rating Level: 2
- [Tezepelumab alleviates symptoms in severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tezepelumab-alleviates-symptoms-in-severe-chronic-rhinosinusitis-with-nasal-polyps/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among patients with severe, uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, tezepelumab more effectively reduced nasal polyp size and sinonasal symptoms compared to placebo. 2. Tezepelumab led to greater reductions in the use of nasal polyp surgery and systemic glucocorticoids compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Intensive blood pressure control reduces major cardiovascular event risk in type 2 diabetes patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intensive-blood-pressure-control-reduces-major-cardiovascular-event-risk-in-type-2-diabetes-patients/) - 1. In this parallel design, randomized trial, intensive treatment of systolic blood pressure (SBP) resulted in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events compared to standard treatment. 2. The incidence of serious adverse events was similar in the intensive and standard treatment groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Current guidelines recommend decreasing blood
- [Automated insulin delivery improves glycemic control over continuous glucose monitoring](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/automated-insulin-delivery-improves-glycemic-control-over-continuous-glucose-monitoring/) - 1. Among patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) requiring insulin therapy, automated insulin delivery (AID) resulted in a greater reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compared to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) alone. 2. The incidence of hypoglycemia was low in both the AID and CGM-alone groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: AID systems have been shown
- [Inebilizumab reduces the risk of flares in IgG4-related disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/inebilizumab-reduces-the-risk-of-flares-in-igg4-related-disease/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, inebilizumab, an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, reduced the risk of flares and increased the likelihood of remission among patients with IgG4-related disease. 2. Adverse events and severe adverse events occurred more frequently in the inebilizumab group than in the placebo group in this limited 52-week trial. Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [Scrub typhus linked to high disease burden in rural India](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/scrub-typhus-linked-to-high-disease-burden-in-rural-india/) - 1. In this cohort study, scrub typhus was a common cause of febrile illness in rural South India, with an incidence of 6.0 cases per 1000 person-years. 2. Asymptomatic infection was widespread, with a high seroconversion rate indicating significant underrecognized disease burden. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Scrub typhus, caused by the mite-born
- [Taletrectinib in ROS1 mutated Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/taletrectinib-in-ros1-mutated-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/) - 1 .The objective response rate was 88.8% for TKI-naïve patients and 55.8% for TKI-pretreated patients. 2. Most common adverse events included elevated LFTs and GI side effects, and most were grade 1-2. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: ROS1 gene fusions are rare but actionable drivers in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Current treatments
- [The 2 Minute Medicine Podcast Episode 55](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-2-minute-medicine-podcast-episode-55/) - Welcome to the 2 Minute Medicine Podcast, summarizing the latest medical studies, curated and written by practicing physicians. On this podcast, twice a month, we cover the latest in healthcare news and research evidence. Our episode is live! Episode Description In this episode, we begin with a discussion about our article of the week. Our
- [Tissue oxygenation and haemodynamic monitoring does not augment postoperative monitoring in adults with coronary bypass](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tissue-oxygenation-and-haemodynamic-monitoring-does-not-augment-postoperative-monitoring-in-adults-with-coronary-bypass/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, the use of near-infrared spectroscopy and hemodynamic monitoring did not provide additional benefits in reducing postoperative complications in adults undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Cardiac surgery complications are serious and often occur with more than one presenting at a time. Some complications
- [Self reported physical activity not significantly different across different severities of hemophilia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/self-reported-physical-activity-not-significantly-different-across-different-severities-of-hemophilia/) - 1. In this cohort of individuals with hemophilia, the physical activity levels and step count did not significantly differ between severity phenotypes. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder characterized by blood that does not form clots. It can be divided into hemophilia A, due to a deficiency in factor VIII or
- [Ketorolac may have a role in the perioperative management of aortic dissection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ketorolac-may-have-a-role-in-the-perioperative-management-of-aortic-dissection/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, the use of ketorolac in patients with Acute Type A Aortic Dissection (aTAAD), was not associated with a significant difference in efficacy or safety. However, it was associated with shorter stays in the intensive care unit (ICU), decreased bleeding intraoperatively, and potentially associated costs. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
- [Nivolumab plus ipilimumab improves progression-free survival in metastatic colorectal cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab-improves-progression-free-survival-in-metastatic-colorectal-cancer/) - 1. Progression-free survival was significantly greater in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group compared to nivolumab alone. 2. Treatment-related adverse events were slightly higher in nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer is an aggressive disease with limited treatment options. Prior findings from the CheckMate 8HW trial showed
- [Less frequent mammography is non-inferior to annual screening for breast cancer survival in women after curative treatment](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/less-frequent-mammography-is-non-inferior-to-annual-screening-for-breast-cancer-survival-in-women-after-curative-treatment/) - 1. 5-year breast cancer-specific survival was comparable between annual and less frequent mammography groups. 2. Less-frequent mammographic surveillance showed a similar recurrence-free interval. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Breast cancer surveillance guidelines vary worldwide, with uncertainty regarding the necessity of annual mammograms for survivors. Determining whether less frequent mammography provides comparable survival outcomes
- [#VisualAbstract: Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Effectively Prevents Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-doxycycline-post-exposure-prophylaxis-effectively-prevents-bacterial-sexually-transmitted-infections/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Invitation to Fecal Immunochemical Test is Noninferior to Colonoscopy Screening in Colorectal Cancer Mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-invitation-to-fecal-immunochemical-test-is-noninferior-to-colonoscopy-screening-in-colorectal-cancer-mortality/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [4:3 intermittent fasting effective for weight loss among adults with obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/43-intermittent-fasting-effective-for-weight-loss-among-adults-with-obesity/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, 4:3 intermittent fasting was associated with significantly greater weight loss compared with daily caloric restriction. 2. Overall caloric intake was lower in the 4:3 IMF group, although both groups remained below the target weekly energy deficit. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Although daily caloric restriction (DCR) remains
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Triple Attack Against Endometriosis, Vaccines and Autism, Revisited, The Final Frontier of Human Health, and Eating Well to Live Better:](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/70423-2/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. We begin with a discussion about a new, three-in-one therapy for endometriosis. Then we take a closer look at a planned Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study for connections between vaccines and autism. After that,
- [Patient navigation may improve colonoscopy completion following abnormal stool test](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-navigation-may-improve-colonoscopy-completion-following-abnormal-stool-test/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, participants with an abnormal fecal immunochemical test who received patient navigation had higher rates of subsequent colonoscopy than those who received usual care. 2. The mean time to colonoscopy was also shorter in the patient navigation group than in the usual care group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [#VisualAbstract: Switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel may demonstrate benefit in patients with large body mass index and prior myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-switching-from-ticagrelor-to-clopidogrel-may-demonstrate-benefit-in-patients-with-large-body-mass-index-and-prior-myocardial-infarction/) - 1. A deescalation strategy involving switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was associated with improved clinical outcomes in those with lower body mass index (BMI) but not those with higher BMI. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The current standard of care for individuals with AMI involves percutaneous coronary intervention
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 31, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-31-2025/) - Suicide risk and living alone with depression or anxiety 1. In this cohort of adults living in South Korea, individuals living alone with anxiety and depression were associated with the highest risk of suicide. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Suicide is responsible for over half a million deaths worldwide every year and is a global
- [Low-Dose CT for Lung Cancer Screening in a High-Risk Population](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/low-dose-ct-for-lung-cancer-screening-in-a-high-risk-population/) - 1. A total of 2% of the eligible population was diagnosed with lung cancer after a positive screen on baseline CT, amounting to a number needed to screen being 49. 2. The sensitivity of the low-dose CT screening protocol for detecting lung cancer was 97.0%, and the specificity was 95.2%, with a negative predictive value
- [#VisualAbstract: Inhaled Sedation Does Not Improve Clinical Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-inhaled-sedation-does-not-improve-clinical-outcomes-in-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Automated Insulin Delivery Effectively Reduces Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-automated-insulin-delivery-effectively-reduces-blood-glucose-levels-in-type-2-diabetes/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Patient values and preferences when treating acute episodic migraine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-values-and-preferences-when-treating-acute-episodic-migraine/) - 1. In this rapid review, patients valued effectiveness for treating pain more highly than other attributes such as avoiding harm and reducing other migraine symptoms. 2. However, avoiding harm was also an important consideration, particularly minimizing the risk of nausea. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Several pharmacologic treatments exist for acute migraine, each
- [#VisualAbstract Lack of sentinel-lymph node biopsy does not alter survival in early invasive breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-lack-of-sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy-does-not-alter-survival-in-early-invasive-breast-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized, non-inferiority trial, the omission of surgical axillary staging was noninferior to sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with clinically node-negative, T1 or T2 invasive breast cancer. 2. Patients with omission of surgical axillary staging had lower incidence of adverse effects. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Axillary lymph node status has been deemed
- [#VisualAbstract Seven Days of Antibiotic Treatment Non-inferior to 14 Days for Bloodstream Infections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-seven-days-of-antibiotic-treatment-non-inferior-to-14-days-for-bloodstream-infections/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among hospitalized patients with a bloodstream infection, seven days of antibiotic treatment was found to be noninferior to 14 days of treatment with respect to death from any cause within 90 days. 2. Rates of antimicrobial-related adverse outcomes, Clostridioides difficile infections, and secondary infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms were similar between the
- [Music listening may be an effective adjunct for pain control](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/music-listening-may-be-an-effective-adjunct-for-pain-control/) - 1. Using music for pain relief is highly valued by participants but requires a proactive and personalized approach 2. The use of music in the healthcare setting can have negative outcomes depending on the kind of music and if it is used at an inappropriate time highlighting the importance of a patient-centered approach Evidence Rating
- [Merck’s Winrevair: Pulmonary arterial hypertension drug shows success ahead of schedule](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mercks-winrevair-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-drug-shows-success-ahead-of-schedule/) - Strong positive interim data from an earlier Phase 3 trial has led to early cessation of Merck’s pulmonary arterial hypertension drug trial. Winrevair is the first activin-signaling inhibitor therapy approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and has shown a favorable safety profile. The Latest Merck has announced the early termination of its Phase 3 HYPERION
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 24, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-24-2025/) - Effects of occupational therapy synchronized with dual transcranial direct current stimulation on upper limb function and electroencephalography power in subacute stroke patients: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study 1. In sub-acute stroke patients, occupational therapy in conjunction with dual transcranial direct current stimulation showed significantly improved improvements motor function and cortical activity Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [Active Surveillance vs Standard Surgery Post-Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/active-surveillance-vs-standard-surgery-post-neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-for-esophageal-cancer/) - 1. Overall survival at 2 years was 74% for active surveillance and 71% for standard surgery. 2. Median disease-free survival was 35 months for active surveillance and 49 months for standard surgery with an HR 1.25 (non-significant). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is the standard treatment for locally
- [Triptans may be the most effective treatments available for acute episodic migraine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/triptans-may-be-the-most-effective-treatments-available-for-acute-episodic-migraine/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the combination of triptans and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was the most effective treatment for achieving pain freedom or pain relief in adults with acute episodic migraine. 2. Triptan monotherapy was also more effective than acetaminophen and NSAID monotherapy, although there was a higher risk of adverse effects.
- [Evidence gap for acute pain outcomes in opioid use disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/evidence-gap-for-acute-pain-outcomes-in-opioid-use-disorder/) - 1. In this systematic review, evidence for the efficacy of acute pain interventions on individuals with opioid use disorder was generally limited. 2. Studies involving individuals already on buprenorphine showed that continuing the agent during episodes of acute pain may reduce pain severity. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Effective management of acute pain
- [#VisualAbstract: Adjuvant PD-1 Blockade With Camrelizumab Improves Survival in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-adjuvant-pd-1-blockade-with-camrelizumab-improves-survival-in-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Atezolizumab Does Not Improve Outcomes in High-Risk Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-atezolizumab-does-not-improve-outcomes-in-high-risk-locally-advanced-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [The 2 Minute Medicine Podcast Episode 54](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-2-minute-medicine-podcast-episode-54/) - Welcome to the 2 Minute Medicine Podcast, summarizing the latest medical studies, curated and written by practicing physicians. On this podcast, twice a month, we cover the latest in healthcare news and research evidence. Our episode is live! Episode Description In this episode, we begin with a discussion about our article of the week, which
- [Switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel may demonstrate benefit in patients with large body mass index and prior myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/switching-from-ticagrelor-to-clopidogrel-may-demonstrate-benefit-in-patients-with-large-body-mass-index-and-prior-myocardial-infarction/) - 1. A deescalation strategy involving switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was associated with improved clinical outcomes in those with lower body mass index (BMI) but not those with higher BMI. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The current standard of care for individuals with AMI involves percutaneous
- [Tenecteplase and alteplase demonstrate similar efficacy for acute ischemic stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tenecteplase-and-alteplase-demonstrate-similar-efficacy-for-acute-ischemic-stroke/) - 1. The usage of tenecteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke was associated with similar effectiveness and safety compared with the use of alteplase. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current agents used in the thrombolytic management of acute ischemic stroke include tenecteplase and alteplase. Recent studies have shown that tenecteplase has at least similar effectiveness
- [Cholecystectomy may be feasible in patients with silent common duct stones](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cholecystectomy-may-be-feasible-in-patients-with-silent-common-duct-stones/) - 1. In patients with symptomatic gallbladder stones who were found to have asymptomatic concomitant common bile duct stones (CBDS), laparoscopic cholecystectomy without CBDS removal was associated with acceptable short-term outcomes. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) CBDS may be found in up to 20% of individuals undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones. However, there is limited
- [Venetoclax plus azacitidine demonstrating efficacy for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/venetoclax-plus-azacitidine-demonstrating-efficacy-for-high-risk-myelodysplastic-syndromes/) - 1. In patients with treatment-naive high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR MDS), the use of venetoclax (14 days) plus azacitidine was well tolerated. 2. In patients with treatment-naive HR MDS, venetoclax plus azacitidine resulted in a 26-month median overall survival (mOS) rate with a complete response (CR) observed in 29.9% of patients. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
- [Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab not associated with improved survival compared to standard therapy for recurrent endometrial cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lenvatinib-plus-pembrolizumab-not-associated-with-improved-survival-compared-to-standard-therapy-for-recurrent-endometrial-cancer/) - 1. In patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer (EC) with previous exposure to carboplatin and paclitaxel (PT), lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab was not associated with improved survival compared with re-challenge PT. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Currently, PT three times per week remains the first-line therapy for recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer. However, outcomes associated
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine®: Measles Outbreak, Tariffs and Healthcare, Pope’s Pneumonia, and Removing Fluoride from Water:](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-measles-outbreak-tariffs-and-healthcare-popes-pneumonia-and-removing-fluoride-from-water/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. We begin with a discussion about the United States’ measles outbreak. Then we take a closer look at how President Trump's tariffs may affect healthcare both within the United States and abroad. After that, we examine
- [#VisualAbstract: No Differences in Liberal vs. Restrictive Red-Cell Transfusion Strategy in Aneurys-mal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-no-differences-in-liberal-vs-restrictive-red-cell-transfusion-strategy-in-aneurys-mal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Tezepelumab Reduces Size of Nasal Polyps and Severity of Sinonasal Symptoms in Severe Chronic Rhinosinusitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-tezepelumab-reduces-size-of-nasal-polyps-and-severity-of-sinonasal-symptoms-in-severe-chronic-rhinosinusitis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Male-Partner Treatment Effectively Prevents Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-male-partner-treatment-effectively-prevents-recurrence-of-bacterial-vaginosis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Remibrutinib Relieves Itching and Hives in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-remibrutinib-relieves-itching-and-hives-in-chronic-spontaneous-urticaria/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Lack of sentinel-lymph node biopsy does not alter survival in early invasive breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lack-of-sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy-does-not-alter-survival-in-early-invasive-breast-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized, non-inferiority trial, the omission of surgical axillary staging was noninferior to sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with clinically node-negative, T1 or T2 invasive breast cancer. 2. Patients with omission of surgical axillary staging had lower incidence of adverse effects. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Axillary lymph node status has
- [Seven days of antibiotic treatment non-inferior to 14 days for bloodstream infections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/seven-days-of-antibiotic-treatment-non-inferior-to-14-days-for-bloodstream-infections/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among hospitalized patients with a bloodstream infection, seven days of antibiotic treatment was found to be noninferior to 14 days of treatment with respect to death from any cause within 90 days. 2. Rates of antimicrobial-related adverse outcomes, Clostridioides difficile infections, and secondary infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms were similar
- [Liberal transfusion strategy not beneficial in treating aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/liberal-transfusion-strategy-not-beneficial-in-treating-aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage/) - 1. Among critically ill adults with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and anemia, a liberal transfusion strategy did not improve neurologic outcomes by 12 months compared to a restrictive strategy. 2. The incidence of adverse events and quality of life ratings also did not differ between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study
- [Safer Births Bundle of Care reduces perinatal mortality in Tanzania](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/safer-births-bundle-of-care-reduces-perinatal-mortality-in-tanzania/) - 1. In this prospective cohort study, implementation of the Safer Births Bundle of Care program was associated with a significant reduction in perinatal mortality. 2. The Safer Births Bundle of Care program was linked to a decline in neonatal deaths within the first 24 hours of life. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Birth-related mortality
- [Efficacy of Hand Cooling and Compression in Preventing Taxane-Induced Neuropathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/efficacy-of-hand-cooling-and-compression-in-preventing-taxane-induced-neuropathy/) - 1. Cooling was found to have a relative risk reduction of 42% and compression had a relative risk reduction of 37%. 2. Quality of life has a minor improvement with cooling and compression interventions. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a frequent and often debilitating side effect of cytotoxic
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 17, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-17-2025/) - Clinical Outcomes of Hypertonic Saline vs Mannitol Treatment Among Children With Traumatic Brain Injury 1. Compared with the use of mannitol, the use of hypertonic saline (HTS) in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) was not associated with increased survival or improved functional outcomes. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Current guidelines from the Brain Trauma
- [Preweekend surgeries may have higher risks of complications and mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/preweekend-surgeries-may-have-higher-risks-of-complications-and-mortality/) - 1. Patients who underwent surgery immediately before the weekend had an increased risk of complications, readmissions, and mortality compared with those treated after the weekend. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The weekend effect refers to a higher potential for adverse outcomes in patients receiving care over the weekends compared to weekdays. Given the limited research
- [Short sleep duration associated with increased risk of diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/short-sleep-duration-associated-with-increased-risk-of-diabetes/) - 1. Short sleep duration (
- [Hypnotic drug use may be associated with increased risk of postoperative delirium](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/hypnotic-drug-use-may-be-associated-with-increased-risk-of-postoperative-delirium/) - 1. Older age, hypnotic drug use, and higher intraoperative fluid load were independent risk factors associated with postoperative delirium development after pancreatic surgery. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Postoperative delirium is common after major surgery and can lead to other postoperative complications, prolonged hospital stays, and higher hospital costs. While previous studies have reported risk
- [Acute hallucinogen use demonstrates increased in-hospital mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/acute-hallucinogen-use-demonstrates-increased-in-hospital-mortality/) - 1. People receiving acute hospital care for hallucinogen use had an increased risk of mortality compared with the general population. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The global use of hallucinogens has rapidly increased since the mid-2010s. While many clinical trials support the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in mental and substance use disorders, concerns remain regarding
- [Inflammatory bowel disease may increase risk of venous thromboembolism in children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/inflammatory-bowel-disease-may-increase-risk-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-children/) - 1. Children living with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at greater risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to children without VTE, with the highest risk occurring around time of diagnosis. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Evidence from recent studies suggest that children living with IBD are at greater risk of VTE compared to children without
- [AAV9.LAMP2B gene therapy shows clinical benefit in Danon disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/aav9-lamp2b-gene-therapy-shows-clinical-benefit-in-danon-disease/) - 1. In seven patients with Danon disease, a single infusion of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 carrying transgene LAMP2B (AVV9.LAMP2B) therapy (RP-A501) resulted in cardiac expression of the lysosomal-associated membrane 2 (LAMP2) protein. 2. Clinical improvement was observed in six patients who had normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at baseline. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
- [Male partner treatment lowers the risk of bacterial vaginosis reoccurrence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/male-partner-treatment-lowers-the-risk-of-bacterial-vaginosis-reoccurrence/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, female patients with bacterial vaginosis (BV) had lower recurrence rates when their male partner also received treatment. 2. Male partner treatment resulted in minimal side effects, including nausea, headache, metallic taste, and penile irritation. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: BV impacts nearly one-third of female adults worldwide
- [Low-dose yellow fever vaccine non-inferior to standard dose](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/low-dose-yellow-fever-vaccine-non-inferior-to-standard-dose/) - 1. This randomized controlled trial conducted in Kenya and Uganda assessed whether fractional doses of the 17D-204 yellow fever vaccine were noninferior to the standard dose in terms of seroconversion at 28 days post-vaccination. 2. The 500 IU and 1000 IU doses were found to be noninferior to the standard dose, achieving similar seroconversion rates,
- [Remibrutinib alleviates symptoms in chronic spontaneous urticaria resistant to H1-antihistamines](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/remibrutinib-alleviates-symptoms-in-chronic-spontaneous-urticaria-resistant-to-h1-antihistamines/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria who continue to have symptoms while on second-generation H1-antihistamines, it was found that remibrutinib more effectively reduced itching and hives compared with placebo. 2. Adverse events among patients who received remibrutinib were generally similar to those in the placebo group, with most adverse
- [Recognition of kidney allograft microvascular inflammation refines risk stratification for allograft outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/recognition-of-kidney-allograft-microvascular-inflammation-refines-risk-stratification-for-allograft-outcomes/) - 1. Patients with a nonrejection-related diagnosis according to the 2019 Banff classification who were reclassified as MVI, DSA-negative, and C4d-negative according to the 2022 Banff classification had worse graft survival than patients with a nonrejection-related diagnosis. 2. Patients with an MVI, DSA-negative, and C4d-negative or probable antibody-mediated rejection had an intermediate cumulative incidence of antibody-mediated
- [Adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization superior to standard care in symptomatic chronic subdural hematomas](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adjunctive-middle-meningeal-artery-embolization-superior-to-standard-care-in-symptomatic-chronic-subdural-hematomas/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, middle meningeal artery embolization demonstrated a decreased risk of treatment failure in patients with symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma as compared to standard care. 2. Middle meningeal artery embolization did not increase the incidence of disabling stroke or death. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Chronic subdural hematoma is
- [Emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) infections in humans](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/69725-2/) - 1. In this case series, of the reported 46 case-patients, 45 cases were due to exposures to infected poultry or dairy cows and were mild in severity, with no evidence of human-to-human transmission. 2. Personal protective equipment (PPE) alone may be suboptimal in reducing exposure risk in occupationally exposed individuals. Evidence Rating Level: 4 (Below
- [Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Lower Depression Risk in Older Adults with Diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-and-lower-depression-risk-in-older-adults-with-diabetes/) - Click here to read the study in Annals of Internal Medicine ©2025 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or
- [Infigratinib shows promising efficacy and tolerability in pediatric achondroplasia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/infigratinib-shows-promising-efficacy-and-tolerability-in-pediatric-achondroplasia/) - 1. In this phase two dose-finding study in children with achondroplasia, daily oral Infigratinib did not lead to any grade 4 or 5 adverse events. 2. Infigratinib treatment led to a sustained increase in annualized height velocity and a reduction in upper-to-lower body segment ratios. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Achondroplasia is caused
- [Durvalumab and bevacizumab plus chemoembolization improves progression-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/durvalumab-and-bevacizumab-plus-chemoembolization-improves-progression-free-survival-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma/) - 1. Progression-free survival was significantly greater in the durvalumab plus bevacizumab group compared to placebo. 2. Common treatment-related adverse events included hypertension and anemia. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for patients with unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. However, current survival outcomes still leave much to desire. One
- [Coronary CT-angiography-guided management improves outcomes in patients with stable chest pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/coronary-ct-angiography-guided-management-improves-outcomes-in-patients-with-stable-chest-pain/) - 1. Composite of coronary heart disease death and non-fatal myocardial infarction was less frequent in the CCTA group compared to standard care. 2. Major adverse cardiovascular events were also fewer in the CCTA group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The SCOT-HEART trial showed that coronary CT angiography-guided management improved outcomes for patients with
- [Differential optimal follicle sizes for ovulatory dysfunction and unexplained infertility](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/differential-optimal-follicle-sizes-for-ovulatory-dysfunction-and-unexplained-infertility/) - 1. Among patients with ovulatory dysfunction, dominant follicles measuring 17–18.9 mm were associated with poorer pregnancy outcomes compared to follicles ≥ 19 mm. 2. Among patients with unexplained infertility, dominant follicles > 21 mm were associated with a lower positive HCG rate compared to follicles measuring 17–21 mm. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Intrauterine insemination with ovulation induction (OI-IUI)
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 10, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-10-2025/) - Postoperative Outcomes Following Preweekend Surgery 1. Patients who underwent surgery immediately before the weekend had an increased risk of complications, readmissions, and mortality compared with those treated after the weekend. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The weekend effect refers to a higher potential for adverse outcomes in patients receiving care over the weekends compared to
- [Endometriosis and Uterine Fibroids Associated with a Greater Risk of Mortality due to Gynecologic Cancers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/endometriosis-and-uterine-fibroids-associated-with-a-greater-risk-of-mortality-due-to-gynecologic-cancers-2/) - 1. A history of endometriosis and uterine fibroids in women was associated with a greater risk of premature mortality and mortality due to gynecological cancers. 2. A history of endometriosis in women was associated with a greater risk of non-cancer mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Endometriosis and uterine fibroids are common disorders among women
- [#VisualAbstract: Empagliflozin Has Cardiorenal Benefits for Chronic Kindey Disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-empagliflozin-has-cardiorenal-benefits-for-chronic-kindey-disease/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Transarterial chemoembolization with pembrolizumab and levatinib improves survival in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/transarterial-chemoembolization-with-pembrolizumab-and-levatinib-improves-survival-in-unresectable-hepatocellular-carcinoma/) - 1. Progression-free survival was significantly greater in the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab group compared to placebo. 2. Overall survival was higher in the intervention group, though not statistically significant. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for patients with unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. However, whether the addition of systemic
- [Antibiotic therapy is inferior to surgery for children with uncomplicated appendicitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/antibiotic-therapy-is-inferior-to-surgery-for-children-with-uncomplicated-appendicitis/) - 1. Treatment failure was greater in the antibiotic group compared to appendicectomy group. 2. Significantly more patients in the antibiotic group reported mild-to-moderate adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Recent studies have supported non-operative management of uncomplicated appendicitis in children instead of surgery. However, whether this approach is truly comparable to appendicectomy
- [Vertex: non-opioid pain reliever Journavx shows success in post operative pain control](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vertex-non-opioid-pain-reliever-journavx-shows-success-in-post-operative-pain-control/) - In two randomized clinical trials evaluating pain control following abdominoplasty and bunionectomy, Journavx demonstrated statistically significant reductions in acute surgical pain over 48 hours compared to placebo. Journavx demonstrated safety in 3 clinical trials, with no serious side effects. Minor side effects included itching, muscle spasms, rash, and increased levels of creatine phosphokinase. The Latest
- [#VisualAbstract: Reduced-Dose was Not Non-Inferior to Full-Dose Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Venous Thromboembolism Patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-reduced-dose-was-not-non-inferior-to-full-dose-direct-oral-anticoagulants-in-venous-thromboembolism-patients/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: First-Line Sugemalimab Plus Chemotherapy Provides Survival Benefit in Advanced Gastric Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-first-line-sugemalimab-plus-chemotherapy-provides-survival-benefit-in-advanced-gastric-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Laparoscopic Parenchymal Preserving Liver Resections in the Posterosuperior Segments Reduces Time to Recovery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-laparoscopic-parenchymal-preserving-liver-resections-in-the-posterosuperior-segments-reduces-time-to-recovery/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Pridopidine Does Not Impact the Progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-pridopidine-does-not-impact-the-progression-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind March 3, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-march-3-2025/) - Physical health decline after chemotherapy or endocrine therapy in breast cancer survivors 1. In this cohort comparing physical health outcomes among women, those with breast cancer (BC) who received chemotherapy with or without endocrine therapy had a decline in physical health up to 5 years post-diagnosis compared to women without BC. Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [Molecular imaging non-inferior to adrenal vein sampling in detecting aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/molecular-imaging-non-inferior-to-adrenal-vein-sampling-in-detecting-aldosterone-producing-adrenal-adenomas/) - 1. In this prospective within-patient trial, [11C]metomidate ([11C]MTO) positron emission tomography-computed tomography was non-inferior to adrenal vein sampling in identifying aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas. 2. [11C]MTO showed high agreement with its analogue, para-chloro-2-[18F]fluoroethyletomidate ([18F]CETO). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Although adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the main method for diagnosing unilateral primary aldosteronism (PA),
- [CAR+ T-cell lymphoma linked to cilta-cel therapy in myeloma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/car-t-cell-lymphoma-linked-to-cilta-cel-therapy-in-myeloma/) - 1. This study describes two cases of malignant monoclonal T-cell lymphoproliferation following ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in the CARTITUDE-4 trial. 2. The CAR transgene was detected in malignant T cells, suggesting integration into preexisting mutated T cells, with further genomic alterations contributing to lymphomagenesis. Evidence
- [Mpox cases in Africa continued to increase following WHO emergency declarations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mpox-cases-in-africa-continued-to-increase-following-who-emergency-declarations/) - 1. The number of mpox cases in Africa increased leading up to the first mpox declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO), and this trend continued to worsen following the emergency declarations. 2. The highest burden of mpox in Africa has been in the Democratic Republic
- [Cabozantinib significantly improves progression free survival in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cabozantinib-significantly-improves-progression-free-survival-in-patients-with-advanced-neuroendocrine-tumors/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, cabozantinib significantly improved progression-free survival in patients with progressive pancreatic and extra-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. 2. Adverse events in this trial were similar to those of the known safety profile of cabozantinib. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Neuroendocrine tumors, that commonly arise from the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and pancreas,
- [Spironolactone ineffective for patients with preserved ejection fraction after myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/spironolactone-ineffective-for-patients-with-preserved-ejection-fraction-after-myocardial-infarction/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, spironolactone did not significantly reduce death from cardiovascular causes or new or worsening heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction. 2. Spironolactone was associated with significantly higher rates of hyperkalemia, breast tenderness, and gynecomastia compared to placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Mineralocorticoid
- [Colchicine not beneficial after acute myocardial infarction for reducing cardiovascular events](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/colchicine-not-beneficial-after-acute-myocardial-infarction-for-reducing-cardiovascular-events/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, in patients who had a myocardial infarction, a three-year treatment with colchicine was not superior to placebo in cardiovascular adverse events. 2. Colchicine was associated with a higher incidence of diarrhea than placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Inflammation is an important factor in the pathophysiology of
- [Abelacimab reduces bleeding risk compared to rivaroxaban in atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/abelacimab-reduces-bleeding-risk-compared-to-rivaroxaban-in-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, abelacimab led to significantly lower rates of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding compared to rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation at moderate-to-high stroke risk. 2. Abelacimab led to significantly reduced free factor XI levels compared to rivaroxaban. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Atrial fibrillation has a high
- [Intraosseous and intravenous vascular access are equally effective for ROSC following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intraosseous-and-intravenous-vascular-access-are-equally-effective-for-rosc-following-out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest/) - 1. In this randomized clinical trial, among patients who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, no significant difference was found in sustained return of spontaneous circulation between intraosseous and intravenous vascular access. 2. Rates of survival and survival with a favorable neurologic outcome at 30 days were also similar between the two groups. Evidence Rating Level:
- [Intraosseous drug administration does not improve survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intraosseous-drug-administration-does-not-improve-survival-in-out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest/) - 1. In this randomized trial, intraosseous-first vascular access did not result in higher 30-day survival than intravenous-first strategies in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests that required drug therapy. 2. Neurological outcomes did not differ between groups and the percentage of patients with return of spontaneous circulation appeared to be lower among the intraosseous group than
- [Trastuzumab emtansine improves outcomes in residual HER2-positive breast cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/trastuzumab-emtansine-improves-outcomes-in-residual-her2-positive-breast-cancer/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) reduced invasive disease events in patients with residual human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer following neoadjuvant therapy. 2. T-DM1 treatment improved overall survival as compared to trastuzumab therapy. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: In patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer,
- [Perioperative chemotherapy improves survival in esophageal cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/perioperative-chemotherapy-improves-survival-in-esophageal-cancer/) - 1. Among patients with resectable esophageal cancer, perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel (FLOT) resulted in improved survival compared to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. 2. Perioperative FLOT chemotherapy was also associated with higher incidence of adverse events than preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Esophageal carcinoma is among the most common cancers with
- [Transcatheter tricuspid-valve replacement provides mortality and quality of life benefits](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/transcatheter-tricuspid-valve-replacement-provides-mortality-and-quality-of-life-benefits/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, a transcatheter tricuspid-valve replacement provided a mortality benefit compared to standard medical therapy after 1-year in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation. 2. Transcatheter tricuspid-valve replacement was associated with an improvement in patient-reported quality of life and NYHA classification. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients with severe tricuspid
- [Talquetamab and teclistamab combination improved response in relapsed multiple myeloma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/talquetamab-and-teclistamab-combination-improved-response-in-relapsed-multiple-myeloma/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM), combination therapy of talquetamab and teclistamab resulted in a durable response. 2. Although the safety profile of this regimen was comparable to that of monotherapies, grade three and four infections occurred at a higher rate in combination therapy. Evidence Rating
- [Plozasiran reduces triglyceride levels and acute pancreatitis incidence in persistent chylomicronemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/plozasiran-reduces-triglyceride-levels-and-acute-pancreatitis-incidence-in-persistent-chylomicronemia/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among patients with persistent chylomicronemia, it was found that plozasiran more effectively reduced fasting triglyceride and apolipoprotein C-III levels, as well as acute pancreatitis incidence, compared with placebo. 2. Adverse events among patients who received plozasiran were generally similar to those in the placebo group, with severe adverse events being
- [Avian Influenza A(H5N1) caused mild illness in the exposed U.S. population](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/avian-influenza-ah5n1-caused-mild-illness-in-the-exposed-u-s-population/) - 1. In this case series, agricultural workers who contracted A(H5N1) experienced mild illnesses of short duration, with no reported fatalities. 2. No evidence of human-to-human transmission was identified. Evidence Rating Level: 4 (Below Average) Study Rundown: Avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses are known for causing disease in poultry and dairy cows in the United States. Since their
- [Asundexian inferior to apixaban as anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/asundexian-inferior-to-apixaban-as-anticoagulation-therapy-for-atrial-fibrillation/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among patients with atrial fibrillation requiring anticoagulation therapy, asundexian resulted in a high risk of stroke or systemic embolism compared to apixaban. 2. Although there was lower bleeding risk with asundexian, the study was stopped prematurely for lack of efficacy. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Atrial fibrillation is
- [Levofloxacin shows limited efficacy in preventing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/levofloxacin-shows-limited-efficacy-in-preventing-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, daily levofloxacin treatment in patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis did not significantly reduce the incidence of tuberculosis. 2. Levofloxacin treatment was not associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Nearly 40% of patients with rifampicin-resistant or MDR tuberculosis
- [Vutrisiran reduces mortality in transthyretin amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vutrisiran-reduces-mortality-in-transthyretin-amyloidosis-with-cardiomyopathy/) - 1. Vutrisiran treatment reduced the risk of death and recurrent cardiovascular events compared to placebo in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). 2. Secondary benefits included preserved functional capacity, improved quality of life, and reduced progression of heart failure symptoms over 42 months. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: ATTR-CM is a systemic
- [Depemokimab therapy reduces exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/depemokimab-therapy-reduces-exacerbations-in-patients-with-severe-eosinophilic-asthma/) - 1. In this randomized, placebo-controlled replicate trial, depemokimab decreased the annual rate of exacerbations among patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. 2. Depemokimab had an acceptable safety profile, with rates of adverse effects similar to that of placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Asthma that is inadequately controlled can result in severe exacerbations. Patients
- [Levofloxacin does not prevent infection in children exposed to MDR tuberculosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/levofloxacin-does-not-prevent-infection-in-children-exposed-to-mdr-tuberculosis/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, among children and adolescents with household exposure to an adult with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, it was found that levofloxacin did not result in a significantly lower incidence of infection compared with placebo. 2. Preventive treatment with levofloxacin was not associated with any safety concerns, with the levofloxacin and placebo groups
- [rVSV-ZEBOV-GP ring vaccination reduces the incidence of Ebola virus disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/rvsv-zebov-gp-ring-vaccination-reduces-the-incidence-of-ebola-virus-disease/) - 1. In the outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between 2018 and 2020, ring vaccination with rVSV-ZEBOV-GP was conducted around new cases within 21 days of symptom onset along with case isolation. 2. Earlier implementation of control measures was associated with a faster decline in new EVD rates
- [Ponsegromab improves boy weight in cancer-related cachexia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ponsegromab-improves-boy-weight-in-cancer-related-cachexia/) - 1. Ponsegromab significantly increased body weight in patients with cancer cachexia and elevated GDF-15 levels compared to placebo at 12 weeks. 2. Improvements in appetite, cachexia symptoms, and physical activity were observed at the 400 mg dose, with no serious adverse events attributed to the drug. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Malignancy can
- [PCI beneficial in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic-valve implantation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pci-beneficial-in-patients-undergoing-transcatheter-aortic-valve-implantation/) - 1. In patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) lowered the risk of death and other major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). 2. PCI was associated with a relatively low risk of procedure-related complications. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown:
- [Weekly insulin efsitora noninferior to daily degludec in reducing glycated hemoglobin levels](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/weekly-insulin-efsitora-noninferior-to-daily-degludec-in-reducing-glycated-hemoglobin-levels/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, insulin alfa efsitora (efsitora) demonstrated noninferiority to degludec in reducing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels among adult patients with type 2 diabetes. 2. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of adverse effects between participants using efsitora and degludec. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Insulin injections are
- [Bedaquiline monotherapy may be effective at improving multibacillary leprosy.](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/bedaquiline-monotherapy-may-be-effective-at-improving-multibacillary-leprosy/) - 1. In this proof-of-concept study, bedaquiline therapy cleared Mycobacterium leprae by four weeks of treatment in patients with multibacillary leprosy. 2. Bedaquiline monotherapy led to improvement in the appearance of leprosy skin lesions. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (average) Study Rundown: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is characterized
- [Nexiguran ziclumeran reduces serum TTR levels in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nexiguran-ziclumeran-reduces-serum-ttr-levels-in-transthyretin-amyloid-cardiomyopathy/) - 1. In this phase one clinical trial, among patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM), it was found that nexiguran ziclumeran (nex-z), a CRISPR-Cas9 therapy that targets TTR, is associated with significant and sustained reductions in serum transthyretin (TTR) levels. 2. Nex-z was also associated with evidence of disease stabilization based on NT-proBNP and troponin levels,
- [Prevalence of common chronic conditions in Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare beneficiaries](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/prevalence-of-common-chronic-conditions-in-medicare-advantage-and-traditional-medicare-beneficiaries/) - 1. In this cross-sectional study, Medicare Advantage (MA) beneficiaries had a similar prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic kidney disease compared with traditional fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries 2. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the MA population versus the fee-for-service Medicare population. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Average) Study Rundown: The majority of Medicare beneficiaries
- [Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists associated with lower depression risk in older adults with diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptor-agonists-associated-with-lower-depression-risk-in-older-adults-with-diabetes/) - 1. In this target trial emulation, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were associated with a lower risk of depression compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors among older patients with type 2 diabetes. 2. GLP-1RAs were associated with a similar reduction in risk of depression compared with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown:
- [Shionogi and UBE: Novel Antiviral Drug Demonstrates Efficacy in RSV Patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/shionogi-and-ube-novel-antiviral-drug-demonstrates-efficacy-in-rsv-patients/) - RSV patients treated with antiviral drug S-337395 showed statistically significant reduction in viral load S-337395 is generally safe and well tolerated with no serious adverse events reported in phase 2 data. The Latest A recent phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind human challenge study conducted in a joint endeavor by Shionogi and UBE Corporation demonstrated the
- [Patients with coronary artery disease have sustained elevation in blood pressure following exercise](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patients-with-coronary-artery-disease-have-sustained-elevation-in-blood-pressure-following-exercise/) - 1. Coronary artery disease patients had sustained elevations in central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) during recovery after exercise whereas controls had a hypotensive central response 2. There were no meaningful changes in brachial systolic blood pressure following exercise 3. Post-exercise cSBP response in CAD patients were present regardless of exercise intensity Evidence Rating Level: 1
- [Home-based dynamic intermittent pneumatic compression therapy improves chronic stroke outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/home-based-dynamic-intermittent-pneumatic-compression-therapy-improves-chronic-stroke-outcomes/) - 1. In individuals with chronic stroke, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy improved performance in some functional tests and reduced central and peripheral systolic blood pressure 2. IPC therapy also increased weekly physical activity time and reduced sedentary time Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized controlled trial explored the effects of home-based intermittent pneumatic compression
- [Maternal obesity associated with increased risk of perinatal ischemic stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maternal-obesity-associated-with-increased-risk-of-perinatal-ischemic-stroke/) - 1. There is a dose-response relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and perinatal ischemic stroke (PIS) risk Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) This nationwide cohort study investigated the association between maternal early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the risk of perinatal ischemic stroke (PIS) in infants. Perinatal ischemic stroke, occurring from 20 weeks’
- [Levothyroxine supplementation in pregnancy not linked to prematurity risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/levothyroxine-supplementation-in-pregnancy-not-linked-to-prematurity-risk/) - 1. Levothyroxine usage for hypothyroidism in pregnancy was not linked to elevated prematurity risk Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) While untreated hypothyroidism is linked to obstetrical complications, including prematurity, the impact of levothyroxine therapy during late gestation remains unclear. This population-based cohort study aimed to see if levothyroxine supplementation in late pregnancy affects the risk
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 24, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-24-2025/) - Post-exercise differential response of central and brachial blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized crossover trial 1. Coronary artery disease patients had sustained elevations in central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) during recovery after exercise whereas controls had a hypotensive central response 2. There were no meaningful changes in brachial systolic blood pressure
- [Ipilimumab/Nivolumab versus Nivolumab in Melanoma Brain Metastases](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ipilimumab-nivolumab-versus-nivolumab-in-melanoma-brain-metastases/) - 1. Intracranial objective response rate was 51% with ipilimumab plus nivolumab and 20% with nivolumab alone. 2. Treatment-related grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 54% with ipilimumab plus nivolumab, and 20% with nivolumab alone. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Brain metastases occur in 30–40% of melanoma patients at stage IV diagnosis,
- [#VisualAbstract: Addition of Aerobic Physical Activity to Resistance Exercise Does Not Improve Pain or Function in Hip Osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-addition-of-aerobic-physical-activity-to-resistance-exercise-does-not-improve-pain-or-function-in-hip-osteoarthritis/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Nerinetide Does Not Improve Outcomes in Acute Ischaemic Stroke in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Thrombectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-nerinetide-does-not-improve-outcomes-in-acute-ischaemic-stroke-in-patients-undergoing-endovascular-thrombectomy/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine: The Role of Virtual Reality in Pain Management, WHO’S controversial diagnosis on gaming addictions, the TikTok ban and psychology of doom scrolling, and the risk of smart devices replacing annual checkups](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-scan-by-2-minute-medicine-the-role-of-virtual-reality-in-pain-management-whos-controversial-diagnosis-on-gaming-addictions-the-tiktok-ban-and-psychology-of-doom-scrolling-and-the-risk/) - The Scan by 2 Minute Medicine® is a pop-culture medical newsletter and exclusive benefit for 2 Minute Medicine Plus subscribers. We begin with a discussion about a how virtual reality is used in patient management and modern medicine. Then, we examine the WHO's diagnosis on video game addictions. After that, we take a closer look at
- [Polypharmacy associated with greater risk of mortality and hospitalizations in elderly](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/polypharmacy-associated-with-greater-risk-of-mortality-and-hospitalizations-in-elderly-2/) - 1. Polypharmacy was associated with a greater risk of mortality and hospitalizations at one and five years. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Polypharmacy, commonly defined as the use of five or more medicines, has been associated with a greater risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly among the older population. Studies on polypharmacy and its association
- [#VisualAbstract: Obinutuzumab Plus Standard Therapy Provided Complete Renal Response in Active Lupus Nephritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-obinutuzumab-plus-standard-therapy-provided-complete-renal-response-in-active-lupus-nephritis/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Dietary niacin may have a mortality benefit in patients with chronic kidney disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dietary-niacin-may-have-a-mortality-benefit-in-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease-2/) - 1. Higher dietary niacin intake was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by a progressive decline in renal function, involves chronic inflammation and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous research suggests that dietary niacin (vitamin
- [Bristol Myers Squibb: Opdivo-Qvantig is the first FDA approved subcutaneous version of cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-1](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/bristol-myers-squibb-opdivo-qvantig-is-the-first-fda-approved-subcutaneous-version-of-cancer-immunotherapy-targeting-pd-1/) - Opdivo-Qvantig had a non-inferior objective response rate compared to intravenous formulation in patients with locally advanced or metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. About 8.1% of patients treated with Opdivo-Qvantig experienced a transient, local injection-site reaction. The Latest In the randomized phase 3 Checkmate-67T trial, researchers evaluated the subcutaneous formulation of nivolumab (Opdivo-Qvantig) to compare
- [Characterization of meconium-related obstruction and outcomes in term and preterm infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/characterization-of-meconium-related-obstruction-and-outcomes-in-term-and-preterm-infants/) - Meconium-Related Obstruction and Clinical Outcomes in Term and Preterm Infants 1. Nearly 95% of cases of meconium-related obstruction (MRO) occur in the absence of cystic fibrosis or Hirschsprung disease 2. MRO occurred most frequently in preterm infants, who more often experienced longer hospital stays and required surgical intervention Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Historically, the
- [Intraoperative esketamine infusion may reduce postpartum depression in women undergoing cesarean delivery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intraoperative-esketamine-infusion-may-reduce-postpartum-depression-in-women-undergoing-cesarean-delivery/) - 1. Intraoperative esketamine infusion significantly reduced the incidence of postpartum depression (PPD) at 6 weeks post partum in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) PPD, which affects nearly 18% of women after delivery globally and can have major impacts on parent-child bonding, is more likely to affect women who undergo cesarean delivery
- [High flow nasal cannula reduces hypoxia for obese patients undergoing endoscopy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/high-flow-nasal-cannula-reduces-hypoxia-for-obese-patients-undergoing-endoscopy/) - 1. The use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in patients with obesity undergoing sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy significantly reduced the incidence of hypoxia and subclinical respiratory depression. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Hypoxia is the most common adverse event occurring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients with obesity are at an increased risk of hypoxemia owing to
- [Contemporary hormonal contraceptives may be associated with an increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/contemporary-hormonal-contraceptives-may-be-associated-with-an-increased-risk-of-stroke-and-myocardial-infarction/) - 1. The use of contemporary hormonal contraceptives was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Some evidence has suggested that the use of hormonal contraception is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, but results are inconsistent across different studies. This nationwide,
- [Endoscopic semi-blunt dissection technique safe and effective for gastric submucosal tumors](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/endoscopic-semi-blunt-dissection-technique-safe-and-effective-for-gastric-submucosal-tumors/) - 1. Use of the semi-blunt dissection technique with endoscopic resection of gastric submucosal tumours was associated with a smaller maximum diameter of gastric muscularis propria damage and a shorter postoperative hospital stay. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) In recent years, endoscopic resection has increasingly been used for the resection of gastric submucosal tumours (SMTs). No
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 17, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-17-2025/) - Meconium-Related Obstruction and Clinical Outcomes in Term and Preterm Infants 1. Nearly 95% of cases of meconium-related obstruction (MRO) occur in the absence of cystic fibrosis or Hirschsprung disease 2. MRO occurred most frequently in preterm infants, who more often experienced longer hospital stays and required surgical intervention Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Historically, the
- [#VisualAbstract: Simvastatin and Rifaximin Does Not Improve Outcomes in Decompensated Cirrhosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-simvastatin-and-rifaximin-does-not-improve-outcomes-in-decompensated-cirrhosis/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Endovascular Treatment Does Not Improve Outcomes in Stroke Due to Occlusion of Medium or Distal Vessels](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-endovascular-treatment-does-not-improve-outcomes-in-stroke-due-to-occlusion-of-medium-or-distal-vessels/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [SEP-1 sepsis management bundle not associated with improved mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sep-1-sepsis-management-bundle-not-associated-with-improved-mortality/) - 1. In this systematic review, there was minimal evidence of improved sepsis mortality with implementation of the Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle. 2. Studies that found an association between sepsis bundle compliance and reduced mortality tended to have limited generalizability. Evidence Rating Level: 1 Study Rundown: The Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management
- [De-escalating dual antiplatelet therapy may lower major bleeding risk following drug-eluting stent implantation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/de-escalating-dual-antiplatelet-therapy-may-lower-major-bleeding-risk-following-drug-eluting-stent-implantation/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, de-escalating dual antiplatelet therapy to ticagrelor monotherapy following implantation of a drug-eluting stent was associated with a lower major bleeding risk without increasing the rate of ischemic events. 2. Ticagrelor monotherapy was associated with an overall reduction in adverse clinical effects, but not with a significant change in
- [Similar patient characteristics and hospital outcomes at community and academic hospitals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/similar-patient-characteristics-and-hospital-outcomes-at-community-and-academic-hospitals/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to general medicine wards at hospitals across Ontario, Canada, community and academic hospitals had similar baseline clinical characteristics, social characteristics, and hospital outcomes. 2. Academic hospitals had higher 7- and 30-day readmission rates compared to community hospitals. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Academic and
- [Dietary niacin may have a mortality benefit in patients with chronic kidney disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dietary-niacin-may-have-a-mortality-benefit-in-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease/) - 1. Higher dietary niacin intake was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by a progressive decline in renal function, involves chronic inflammation and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous research suggests that dietary niacin (vitamin
- [Polypharmacy associated with greater risk of mortality and hospitalizations in elderly](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/polypharmacy-associated-with-greater-risk-of-mortality-and-hospitalizations-in-elderly/) - 1. Polypharmacy was associated with a greater risk of mortality and hospitalizations at one and five years. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Polypharmacy, commonly defined as the use of five or more medicines, has been associated with a greater risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly among the older population. Studies on polypharmacy and its
- [Direct oral anticoagulants have similar bleeding risk compared with aspirin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/direct-oral-anticoagulants-have-similar-bleeding-risk-compared-with-aspirin/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants apixaban and dabigatran both had similar rates of major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage compared with aspirin monotherapy. 2. Rivaroxaban was found to have numerically greater rates of major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage compared with aspirin, though this difference was not statistically significant. Evidence
- [#VisualAbstract: Iptacopan Reduced Proteinuria in Patients with IgA Nephropathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-iptacopan-reduced-proteinuria-in-patients-with-iga-nephropathy/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Liraglutide for 56 Weeks plus lifestyle interventions reduced BMI and Body Weight in Children with Obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-liraglutide-for-56-weeks-plus-lifestyle-interventions-reduced-bmi-and-body-weight-in-children-with-obesity/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Increased blood–urea–nitrogen-to-albumin ratio associated with increased mortality in coronavirus disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/increased-blood-urea-nitrogen-to-albumin-ratio-associated-with-increased-mortality-in-coronavirus-disease/) - Association between blood–urea–nitrogen-to-albumin ratio and in-hospital mortality in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study 1. Increased blood–urea–nitrogen-to-albumin ratio was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Blood–urea–nitrogen-to-albumin ratio (BAR) is recognized as a novel short-term prognostic index, and elevated BAR has been
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 10, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-10-2025/) - Changes in Incident Schizophrenia Diagnoses Associated With Cannabis Use Disorder After Cannabis Legalization 1. After cannabis policy legalization, incident cases of schizophrenia linked to cannabis use disorder nearly tripled. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The use of cannabis has been associated with the development of psychosis and schizophrenia. However, the association between cannabis legalization and
- [Efficacy of Zenocutuzumab in NRG1 Fusion–Positive Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/efficacy-of-zenocutuzumab-in-nrg1-fusion-positive-cancer/) - 1. Overall objective response rate was 30%, with 1 patient having a complete response. 2. Grade 3-4 treatment-related events occurred in 7% of patients. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) fusions, occur in less than 1% of solid tumours, and drive oncogenesis by activating HER2–HER3 signaling, making HER2 and HER3 promising
- [#VisualAbstract: Apixaban is Superior to Aspirin for Stroke Prevention in People with Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-apixaban-is-superior-to-aspirin-for-stroke-prevention-in-people-with-subclinical-atrial-fibrillation/) - Click here to read this study in the Lancet. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Adjuvant Atezolizumab Does Not Provide Benefit in Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-adjuvant-atezolizumab-does-not-provide-benefit-in-early-triple-negative-breast-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in JAMA. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Abelacimab is Safer Than Rivaroxaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-abelacimab-is-safer-than-rivaroxaban-in-patients-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Perioperative Chemotherapy is Superior to Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-perioperative-chemotherapy-is-superior-to-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-in-esophageal-cancer/) - Click here to read this study in NEJM. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [#VisualAbstract: Coronary CT Angiography-Guided Care Reduced Heart Disease death After 10 Years in Patients with Stable Chest Pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/visualabstract-coronary-ct-angiography-guided-care-reduced-heart-disease-death-after-10-years-in-patients-with-stable-chest-pain/) - Click here to read this study in The Lancet. ©2024 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.
- [Endovascular therapy improves outcomes in vertebrobasilar stroke despite increased risk of bleeding](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/endovascular-therapy-improves-outcomes-in-vertebrobasilar-stroke-despite-increased-risk-of-bleeding/) - 1. Patients in the endovascular therapy group achieved greater functional outcomes at 90 days. 2. Endovascular therapy resulted in significantly decreased disability and overall mortality. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Trials evaluating endovascular therapy for basilar artery occlusion have shown varying results. This inconsistency highlights the need for a comprehensive analysis to assess
- [Certain childhood body sizes and compositions associated with increased risk of incident hypertension](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/certain-childhood-body-sizes-and-compositions-associated-with-increased-risk-of-incident-hypertension/) - 1. In this cohort of adults in the United Kingdom (UK), those with a thinner or plumper body size in childhood had an increased risk of adult incident hypertension compared to those who remained of average size. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Obesity is a worldwide public health problem affecting individuals across all ages and
- [Dazukibart is effective in reducing disease activity in adults with refractory dermatomyositis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dazukibart-is-effective-in-reducing-disease-activity-in-adults-with-refractory-dermatomyositis/) - 1. CDASI-A score at 12 weeks was significantly lower in dazukibart 600 mg versus placebo, suggesting reduced morbidity. 2. Treatment-related adverse events were comparable between all three groups. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune condition driven by type I interferon dysregulation. Current treatments fail to provide effective symptom control, highlighting
- [Ultraprocessed food consumption comprises high proportion of energy intake in obese Canadian children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ultraprocessed-food-consumption-comprises-high-proportion-of-energy-intake-in-obese-canadian-children/) - 1. In a cohort of Canadian children, higher ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption comprised almost half of their energy intake. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption has increased globally, with Canada among the top five countries for the greatest sales of UPF. Many consumers opt for UPF foods since they are easily available,
- [Effect of enhanced recovery after surgery on older patients undergoing transvaginal pelvic floor reconstruction surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/effect-of-enhanced-recovery-after-surgery-on-older-patients-undergoing-transvaginal-pelvic-floor-reconstruction-surgery/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol led to a decrease in post-operative length of stay (LOS) and duration until first oral intake in an older group of women undergoing transvaginal pelvic floor reconstruction. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a way to optimize
- [Catheter-guided aortic valve replacement and angioplasty has favorable outcomes compared to surgical intervention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/catheter-guided-aortic-valve-replacement-and-angioplasty-has-favorable-outcomes-compared-to-surgical-intervention/) - 1. The composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke favoured FFR-guided PCI plus TAVI compared to SAVR plus CABG. 2. All-cause mortality and life-threatening bleeding were lower in FFR-guided PCI plus TAVI. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Many patients with severe aortic stenosis undergo surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) combined with coronary
- [Patient values and preferences when considering migraine prevention options](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-values-and-preferences-when-considering-migraine-prevention-options/) - 1. In this systematic review, patients with episodic migraine preferred oral pharmacologic treatments that reduced the severity, frequency, and duration of migraines. 2. Patients also valued a lower risk of developing migraines on day 1 post-dosing as well as a shorter duration of restriction on daily activities. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The
- [Mirikizumab is safe and effective in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mirikizumab-is-safe-and-effective-in-patients-with-moderate-to-severe-crohns-disease/) - 1. The composite of patient-reported clinical response and endoscopic response was significantly greater in mirikizumab versus placebo. 2. Clinical remission showed a similar trend between mirikizumab and placebo. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Existing treatments for Crohn’s disease fail to achieve long-term remission in many patients. Mirikizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-23p19, has
- [No significant differences between medications for episodic migraine prophylaxis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/no-significant-differences-between-medications-for-episodic-migraine-prophylaxis/) - 1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, there were no significant differences between various pharmacologic treatments for preventing episodic migraine in adults. 2. While calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist monoclonal antibodies appeared to be more efficacious and tolerable than other drug classes, the evidence was of lower certainty. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Many
- [Beti-cel gene therapy achieves high rates of transfusion independence in severe β-thalassemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/beti-cel-gene-therapy-achieves-high-rates-of-transfusion-independence-in-severe-β-thalassemia/) - 1. 89% of patients achieved transfusion independence with beti-cel gene therapy. 2. There were no serious adverse events or treatment-related mortalities. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) is a condition that results in iron overload from lifelong blood transfusions. Betibeglogene autotemcel (beti-cel) is a gene therapy designed to enable transfusion independence
- [Blood pressure readings remain consistent in noisy and public settings](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/blood-pressure-readings-remain-consistent-in-noisy-and-public-settings/) - 1. In this randomized crossover trial, differences in mean blood pressure readings between private and public settings were minimal. 2. Blood pressure measurements also did not differ significantly between loud and quiet public spaces. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Despite clinical guidelines for hypertension highlighting the importance of proper patient orientation for blood
- [Balloon-guided catheters are associated with worse outcomes in large vessel thrombectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/balloon-guided-catheters-are-associated-with-worse-outcomes-in-large-vessel-thrombectomy/) - 1. Functional recovery at 90 days was lower in the balloon-guided catheter group versus the conventional catheter group. 2. All-cause mortality was numerically greater in the balloon-guided catheter group, although this was not statistically significant. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The use of balloon guide catheters during endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke
- [Fresh embryo transfer may yield higher rates of success for women with low prognosis for in vitro fertilization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fresh-embryo-transfer-may-yield-higher-rates-of-success-for-women-with-low-prognosis-for-in-vitro-fertilization/) - 1. In this randomized controlled trial, the fresh embryo transfer group had a higher rate of live births compared to the frozen embryo transfer group, in women with a low prognosis of a successful pregnancy using in vitro fertilization (IVF). Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) In vitro fertilization (IVF) has progressed bounds since first being
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind February 3, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-february-3-2025/) - Severe maternal morbidity associated with chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension 1. In this cohort of pregnant individuals without pre-existing conditions, preeclampsia was the primary contributor to the increased risk of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) linked to chronic hypertension. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Hypertension in pregnancy is one of the greatest causes of maternal-fetal
- [Characterization of the increased incidence of alcohol-associated hepatitis noted in Ontario, Canada in past two decades](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/characterization-of-the-increased-incidence-of-alcohol-associated-hepatitis-noted-in-ontario-canada-in-past-two-decades/) - 1. From 2002 to 2021, the incidence rate of alcohol-associated hepatitis in Ontario, Canada increased by 8% annually, with rates rising faster among females. 2. Although more males are affected by alcohol-associated hepatitis in absolute numbers, females have higher rates of liver-related mortality and approximately 50% higher risk of developing cirrhosis. Evidence Rating Level: 2
- [Socioeconomic status of healthcare professionals is associated with health outcomes, with health behaviours playing a role](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/socioeconomic-status-of-healthcare-professionals-is-associated-with-health-outcomes-with-health-behaviours-playing-a-role/) - 1. In three cohorts of healthcare professionals, diet was associated with long-term health after adjusting for individual- and neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status (SES). 2. Health behaviours such as dietary patterns accounted for a significant portion of the relationship between neighbourhood SES and health outcomes. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Diet plays a crucial role
- [Fecal Microbiota, live-jslm may be an effective means of preventing Clostridiodes difficile infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/fecal-microbiota-live-jslm-may-be-an-effective-means-of-preventing-clostridiodes-difficile-infections-in-patients-with-inflammatory-bowel-disease/) - 1. The use of fecal microbiota, live-jslm (RBL; REBYOTA®) in the prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was associated with high efficacy and was well-tolerated. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing recurrent rCDI compared to the
- [Aurion Biotech: Cell Therapy AURN001 Improves Vision in Patients with Corneal Endothelial Disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/aurion-biotech-cell-therapy-aurn001-improves-vision-in-patients-with-corneal-endothelial-disease/) - AURN001 demonstrates improvement of visual acuity in patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction. The CLARA trial demonstrates favorable safety profiles across all treatment arms. The Latest The CLARA Phase 1/2, prospective, multi-center, randomized, double-masked, parallel-arm dose-ranging clinical trial designed to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of AURN001 for the treatment of corneal edema secondary to
- [Teva: long acting olanzapine TEV’749 or Zyprexa shows success in schizophrenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/teva-long-acting-olanzapine-tev749-or-zyprexa-shows-success-in-schizophrenia/) - TEV’749 achieved reductions in schizophrenia symptoms, as measured by differences in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores, from baseline to 8 weeks of treatment TEV’749 demonstrates safety comparable to other olanzapine formulations, with no reported post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS) events The Latest The Phase 3 SOLARIS trial assessed the efficacy of Teva’s long-acting
- [Deep neuromuscular blockade in radiofrequency catheter ablation may provide greater reduction in atrial fibrillation recurrence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/deep-neuromuscular-blockade-in-radiofrequency-catheter-ablation-may-provide-greater-reduction-in-atrial-fibrillation-recurrence/) - 1. Deep neuromuscular blockade in radiofrequency catheter ablation under general anesthesia reduced the atrial fibrillation recurrence rate compared to moderate neuromuscular blockade Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) This randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of neuromuscular blockade depth on atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) under general anesthesia. The study compared moderate
- [2 Minute Medicine Rewind January 27, 2025](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/2-minute-medicine-rewind-january-27-2025/) - Postpartum depression in relation to chronic diseases and multimorbidity in women’s mid-late life: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank 1. Postpartum depression is associated with higher risks of a wide variety of chronic diseases including mental, respiratory, digestive, and heart multimorbidity clusters. 2. Body Mass Index (BMI) was a modest mediator of this interaction
- [Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy may be equally cost-effective among patients with type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/roux-en-y-gastric-bypass-and-sleeve-gastrectomy-may-be-equally-cost-effective-among-patients-with-type-2-diabetes/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study of patients with diabetes who received Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy, health expenditures decreased by around 30% every 6 months. 2. Health expenditures were overall similar between patients who received either of the two surgeries except in the 6 months immediately after surgery, when inpatient expenditures were
- [High incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in Epstein-Barr virus-seronegative kidney recipients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/high-incidence-of-post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder-in-epstein-barr-virus-seronegative-kidney-recipients/) - 1. In this retrospective cohort study, individuals who were Epstein-Barr virus-seronegative had higher rates of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder than their seropositive counterparts following transplant with seropositive donor kidneys. 2. The incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in seronegative recipients was found to be five to ten times higher than previously reported. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
- [Survival with Trastuzumab Emtansine in Residual HER2-Positive Breast Cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/survival-with-trastuzumab-emtansine-in-residual-her2-positive-breast-cancer/) - 1. Invasive disease-free survival occurred in 19.7% of the T-DM1 group and 32.2% in the trastuzumab group, with an HR of 0.54 (significant). 2. Investigator-adjudicated trial-related adverse events of any grade occurred in 3.2% of the T-DM1 group and 1.7% in the trastuzumab group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients with HER2-positive early
- [Couple-based intervention may be more effective in the management of type 2 diabetes in adults](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/couple-based-intervention-may-be-more-effective-in-the-management-of-type-2-diabetes-in-adults/) - 1. A couple-based intervention strategy for Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) showed greater decreases in HbA1c in patients with a high baseline HbA1c compared to an individual-based intervention strategy. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The management of diabetes is complex and multifactorial, with recent guidelines placing increasing emphasis on the
- [Poor rates of surveillance follow-up noted in patients with high risk human papillomavirus and normal cytology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/poor-rates-of-surveillance-follow-up-noted-in-patients-with-high-risk-human-papillomavirus-and-normal-cytology/) - 1. Among female patients with positive human papillomavirus (HPV) test results and negative intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) findings on cytology, less than half received the surveillance follow-up testing within the timeframe set forth by the 2019 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) guidelines. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The current ASCCP guidelines
- [Esophageal candida infection associated with increased esophageal cancer risk in patients with achalasia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/esophageal-candida-infection-associated-with-increased-esophageal-cancer-risk-in-patients-with-achalasia/) - 1. Among 234 patients with achalasia, esophageal candidiasis was identified in 12%. 2. Among patients with achalasia, prior esophageal candidiasis, older age at diagnosis and male sex were associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer (EC). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Patients with achalasia are at higher risk of developing EC. However, the
- [5-Aminosalicylic Acid may not be an effective combination with ustekinumab for inflammatory bowel disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/5-aminosalicylic-acid-may-not-be-an-effective-combination-with-ustekinumab-for-inflammatory-bowel-disease/) - 1. Overall, the use of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in combination with ustekinumab (UST) did not provide a significant benefit in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) UST, a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-12/23, is a newer therapeutic option available to individuals living with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). However,
- [Intra-arterial tenecteplase has limited use after successful endovascular recanalisation of acute posterior circulation arterial occlusion](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/intra-arterial-tenecteplase-has-limited-use-after-successful-endovascular-recanalisation-of-acute-posterior-circulation-arterial-occlusion/) - 1. In patients with acute ischemic stroke due to acute intracranial occlusions of the posterior circulation, the use of intra-arterial tenecteplase after successful endovascular recanalisation was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in combined disability and mortality at 90 days. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Patients with occlusions of the posterior circulation suffering from
- [Semaglutide may aid tobacco cessation in patients with comorbid diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/semaglutide-may-aid-tobacco-cessation-in-patients-with-comorbid-diabetes/) - 1. In this retrospective study of patients with comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and tobacco use disorder (TUD), semaglutide use was associated with lower health care utilization relating to TUD compared with other antidiabetes medications. 2. Patients who received semaglutide were also less likely to receive prescriptions for smoking cessation medications compared to their counterparts.

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- [Tomi Jun, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tomi-jun/) - Writer: Medicine Tomi Jun, MD Resident Physician, Stanford Tomi is a previously graduated from the Health Sciences and Technology program at Harvard Medical School. His prior research experience includes synthetic biology and infectious disease preparedness in Southeast Asia. He also leads and participates actively in student initiatives to address health disparities. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View
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- [Judith Kandel](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/judith-kandel/) - Writer: Basic Science Judith Kandel PhD, Bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania Judith’s research focuses on the integration between cellular mechanical properties and mitochondrial function, both of which are altered in various disease states. She enjoys using a diverse array of tools, such as atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and computer programming in the course
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- [Dylan Wolman](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/dylan-wolman/) - Editor: Imaging and Intervention Dylan Wolman Tufts University School of Medicine Born in Los Angeles, Dylan moved to the east coast for his education, completing a degree in Neuroscience and Biology at Brandeis University in 2010 before matriculating at the Tufts University School of Medicine. During his medical training, he spent a year as a
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- [Stefan Trela](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/stefan-trela/) - Editor: Medicine Stefan Trela University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Stefan is originally from the Cleveland, Ohio area and graduated from The Ohio State University in 2010 with a degree in microbiology. Prior to medical school, he spent two years working in a cancer genetics research lab at the OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, where he
- [Brandon Childs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/brandon-childs/) - Writer: Pediatrics Brandon Childs University of Vermont College of Medicine Brandon graduated from the University of Utah with a degree in Exercise Physiology. He is an avid NBA basketball fan and enjoys running, biking, snowboarding, watching movies and cooking. Most of all, he loves spending quality time with his wife and daughter. He is interested
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- [Jeffrey Cohen, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/jeffrey-cohen/) - Writer: Medicine Jeffrey Cohen, MD Resident Physician, BIDMC Internal Medicine Prior to medical school, Jeffrey obtained his undergraduate degree with a double major in biology and health and society from the University of Rochester in 2010. His interests include dermatology, internal medicine, clinical and translational research, epidemiology, and medical education. During his free time, he
- [James Jiang, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/james-jiang/) - Editor: Medicine James Jiang, MD Resident Physician, UCLA Emergency Medicine Prior to attending medical school, James graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in biophysics. He is interested in healthcare issues affecting Asians/Pacific Islanders, emergency medicine, and medical education. He enjoys playing basketball and following the Golden State Warriors. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/"
- [Chaz Carrier, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/chaz-carrier/) - Editor: Surgery Chaz Carrier, MD Resident Physician, Harvard Combined Orthopedics Program Chaz graduated from Colgate University in 2009 with a degree in Molecular Biology. His academic interests include oncology and orthopaedic surgery and he has a strong interest in clinical and translational research. Outside of class, he enjoys soccer, tennis, and fishing the lakes and
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- [Shayna Bejaimal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/shayna-bejaimal/) - Writer: Medicine Shayna Bejaimal University of Toronto School of Medicine Shayna is originally from Mississauga, Ontario and graduated from the University of Western Ontario with an Honours Specialization in Physiology from the Schulich School of Medicine. She is now a fourth year MD candidate at the University of Toronto. Her academic interests include epidemiology, teaching
- [Kyle Lyman](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/kyle-lyman/) - Writer: Basic Science Kyle Lyman MD/PhD Feinberg School of Medicine Kyle Lyman graduated in 2011 from The Ohio State University with a degree in Mathematics. He is currently an MD/PhD student in the department of Neurology at Northwestern University. His research focuses on the regulation of ion channels during development in the central nervous system.
- [Sai Folmsbee](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sai-folmsbee/) - Editor: Medicine Sai Folmsbee MS-IV, Feinberg School of Medicine Previously, Sai graduated from the University of Kansas with a B.S. degree in Neurobiology. He is currently a graduate student in the laboratory of Cara Gottardi, studying the biologic mechanisms of occupational asthma. He is also a biweekly columnist for Northwestern undergraduate paper, The Daily Northwestern,
- [John Prendergass](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/john-prendergass/) - Writer: Medicine John Prendergass Rutgers New Jersey Medical School John is a 3rd year M.D candidate at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. He was raised in Jersey City, NJ and earned his bachelors degree in Behavioral Biology from Johns Hopkins University. During medical school John has enjoyed teaching for the Mini Medical School and Summer
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- [Moises Gallegos, MPH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/moises-gallegos-mph/) - Writer: Medicine Moises Gallegos, MPH Stanford School of Medicine Born and raised in sunny Southern California, Moises flipped coasts to study at Harvard where he graduated with a B.A. in Neurobiology and a secondary concentration in Mind, Brain, and Behavior in 2010. He is currently in his 4th year of medical school at Stanford and
- [James Gray, MB](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/james-gray-mb/) - Writer: Pediatrics James Gray, MB Resident Physician, University of Minnesota Pediatrics Program James has lived all over the world, including the UK, Portugal, three US states, Canada, and Ireland. He loves to travel and has interests in critical care, cardiology and global health pediatrics. In rare moments when not at work, he enjoys long bike
- [Mia Kanak, MPH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mia-kanak-mph/) - Writer: Medicine Mia Kanak, MPH Stanford School of Medicine Mia is a 4th year medical student at Stanford University School of Medicine. Originally from Tokyo, she graduated from Yale in 2010 with a degree in Political Science and a Masters in Public Health in 2011. At Stanford, Mia has researched health care access among uninsured
- [Sarah Stapleton](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/sarah-stapleton/) - Editor: Basic Science Sarah Stapleton PhD Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Over the course of her PhD candidacy, Sarah’s research has focused on the development of a novel three-dimensional model of blood vessel morphogenesis. She is now applying this model to explore the role of cell mechanics in the formation of new vasculature. Sarah received her B.S.
- [Matt Sibbald, MD MHPE PhD ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/matt-sibbald-md-mhpe-phd/) - Reviewer Matt Sibbald, MD PhD Assistant Professor, McMaster University Interventional Cardiologist, Hamilton Health Sciences Matt Sibbald is an Assistant Professor at McMaster University, and an interventional cardiologist at Hamilton Health Sciences. He graduated from University of Toronto medical school in 2004 and completed residencies in internal medicine and cardiology at the University of Toronto. He
- [Xiaofan Pan](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/xiaofan-pan/) - Writer: Imaging and Intervention Xiofan Pan University of Vermont College of Medicine Xiaofan completed her undergraduate studies in biochemistry and molecular biology, and neuroscience. She previously worked as a clinical researcher investigating the combinatory effects of lung cancer treatments before continuing onto graduate studies in biophysics. While in Washington, DC, she also worked to promote
- [Xiaozhou Liu](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/xiaozhou-liu/) - Editor: Medicine Xiaozhou Liu University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Xiaozhou graduated from Michigan State University in ’10 with a degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Born and raised in Hefei, China, he moved to East Lansing, MI in 2007. He likes to ski, swim and work out during his free time, but also enjoys
- [Alan Peaceman, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/alan-peaceman-md-2/) - Advisor Alan Peaceman, MD Professor, Chief of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital Alan M. Peaceman is Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Chief of the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine since 2003. He has been active in clinical research throughout his career, and is the Principal Investigator for the
- [Daniel Fisher](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/daniel-fisher/) - Writer: Medicine Daniel Fisher MD/PhD Feinberg School of Medicine Daniel is a graduate of the University of Texas’s Plan II Honors program with concentrations in Biology and Philosophy. Before beginning his MD/PhD training at Northwestern University, Daniel published numerous peer-reviewed articles in the field of neuropsychiatric disease. He is currently in the graduate school phase
- [Devin Miller](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/devin-miller/) - Writer: Medicine Devin Miller MS-III Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Devin is currently conducting research in the Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation laboratory at Hopkins with a focus in treatments for highly presensitized transplantation patients and tissue ischemia/reperfusion injury. He was born and raised in Iowa where he completed his undergraduate degree in Psychology at Iowa
- [Ashley Aaroe](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ashley-aaroe/) - Writer: Medicine Ashley Aaroe MS-IV, Feinberg School of Medicine Originally from Rochester, New York, Ashley completed her undergraduate degree in Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University. Her academic interests include neurology and medical education. Outside of medicine, she has an all-encompassing love of dance and also enjoys dabbling in molecular gastronomy. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View the
- [Ali Tavakkoli, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/ali-tavakolli-md/) - Advisor Ali Tavakkoli, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School Attending Bariatric Surgeon, Brigham and Women's Hospital Co-Director, Center for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery Ali is a minimally invasive and bariatric surgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and an Associate Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School. He is the co-director of
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- [Milana Bogorodskaya, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/milana-bogorodskaya-md/) - Writer: Medicine Milana Bogorodskaya, MD Resident Physician, Case Western Reserve University Milana is currently an internal medicine intern at Case Western Reserve University. She did her undergraduate studies in neuroscience at University of Florida, after which she escaped the heat by attending medical school at Northwestern University in Chicago. Now she is continuing her Midwest adventure
- [Kenan Celtik, MS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/kenan-celtik-ms/) - Writer: Medicine Kenan Celtik, MS Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine Kenan received his Bachelor of Science from the University of California, Berkeley where his research in the Forest Pathology lab focused on the study of the host susceptibility of Sudden Oak. After developing a mobile primary care clinic in rural Honduras and working alongside
- [David Ouyang, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/david-ouyang/) - Editor: Medicine David Ouyang, MD Resident Physician, Stanford Internal Medicine David, a graduate of the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, previously attended Rice University for his undergraduate degree in Biochemistry and Statistics. He is currently a resident physician in the UCSF Internal Medicine Department. He enjoys climbing gyms, sci fi movies, and good retrospective
- [Harrison P. Nguyen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/harrison-p-nguyen/) - Writer: Dermatology Harrison P. Nguyen Baylor College of Medicine Prior to medical school, Harrison graduated from Rice University with honors in Cognitive Science. During his time as an undergraduate, he played linebacker for the Rice Owls football team. He is widely published in the field of infectious skin disease and therapeutics and has presented his research
- [Aaron Maxwell, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/aaron-maxwell-md/) - Editor: Imaging Aaron Maxwell, MD Resident Physician, Newton-Wellesley Hospital A Seattle native, Aaron graduated from the University of Washington in 2009 with a degree in Biochemistry. He then moved East, and obtained his medical degree at The University of Vermont College of Medicine. Aaron is interested in the integration of advanced biomedical imaging with genomics, which
- [Denise Pong, MPH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/denise-pong-mph/) - Writer: Women's Health Denise Pong, MPH MS-II, Duke University School of Medicine Originally from Wilmette, Illinois, Denise attended Johns Hopkins University for her undergraduate degree and double majored in Cellular & Molecular Biology and Spanish. After a year-long stint working in community development in Latin America, she completed her MPH in Health Promotion at Columbia University
- [Maren Shapiro](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/maren-shapiro/) - Writer: Women's Health Maren Shapiro Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Stanford-NBC News Global Health Media Fellow Maren graduated from Harvard College in 2010 with a degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Health Policy. She is interested in Obstetrics & Gynecology and the role of media in health literacy. Before medical school she
- [Neha Joshi, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neha-joshi/) - Writer: Pediatrics Neha Joshi, MD Resident Physician, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford Neha previously graduated from the UCSF School of Medicine. Originally from Cupertino, California, she attended UCLA for her undergraduate degree in Physiological Science. Neha is applying for residency in pediatrics; academically, she is interested in pediatric hospital medicine, quality improvement, and medical education. Outside
- [Anees Daud, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/anees-daud-md/) - Writer: Medicine Anees Daud, MD Resident Physician, University of Utah Anees is a resident in Internal Medicine at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. He completed his medical school at the University of Vermont in May 2014. He is currently interested in pursuing cardiology and/or critical care medicine. In his free time, he
- [Angela Wang](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/angela-wang/) - Writer: Dermatology Angela Wang Medical College of Wisconsin Angela previously graduated from Northwestern University in 2011 and has spent two years performing clinical research in the General Internal Medicine Department at Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern. She has a variety of interests within medicine including the skin, minimally invasive procedures, and radiology. She enjoys cooking,
- [Rehan Saiyed](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/rehan-saiyed/) - Writer: Surgery Rehan Saiyed Weill Medical College of Cornell University Rehan graduated from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2012 with a degree in biological science and economics. He spent the following year completing a research fellowship at the National Institutes of Health. Outside of school, he enjoys reading political books, playing sports, and
- [Annick Aubin-Pouliot](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/annick-aubin-pouliot/) - Writer: Medicine Annick Aubin-Pouliot MS-IV, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine Originally from Québec City, Annick completed her undergraduate degree at MIT and Cambridge University in Neuroscience/Brain and Cognitive Sciences. After college, she did research on cochlear and auditory brainstem implants, ultimately becoming interested in the field of otolaryngology. Along the way, she
- [Puja Umaretiya](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/puja-umaretiya/) - Writer: Pediatrics Puja Umaretiya MS-IV, Mayo Medical School Originally from Chandler, Arizona, Puja graduated from the University of Arizona in 2011 with a degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology. Her academic interests include pediatrics, oncology, and medical education. In her free time, she enjoys reading, writing, photography, and spending time with her friends and family.
- [Chris Hong](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/chris-hong/) - Writer: Ophthalmology Chris Hong MSII, University of Ottawa School of Medicine Chris is is originally from Oakville, ON and graduated from McMaster University in 2012 with a degree in Health Sciences. His academic interests include ophthalmology and surgery. Outside of school, Chris enjoys playing competitive sports and working out. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View the Complete
- [Cordelia Ross, MS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cordelia-ross-ms/) - Editor: Pediatrics Cordelia Ross, MS MS-II, University of Vermont College of Medicine Cordelia studied Psychology at Middlebury College and received her Master’s degree in Physiology and Biophysics from Georgetown University. Prior to attending medical school, she conducted PTSD research at Middlebury and autism intervention research at UCLA. Her medical interests include pediatrics and child psychiatry. [button
- [Jon Liu, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/jon-liu-md/) - Writer: Medicine Jon Liu, MD Internal Medicine Resident, University of Alberta Medicine Jon is originally from Toronto and graduated from McMaster University. Prior to medical school, he also worked at a consulting firm then moved out west for medical school. He is currently an internal medicine resident at the University of Alberta. His past clinical
- [Aimee Li, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/aimee-li-md/) - Editor: Medicine Aimee Li, MD Internal Medicine Resident, University of Ottawa Aimee is responsible for editing and writing articles covering the areas of internal medicine, policy, and public health. She graduated from the University of Ottawa Medical School, and is currently a first-year Internal Medicine resident. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View the Complete Editorial Staff[/button]
- [Evan Chen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/evan-chen/) - Writer: Medicine Evan Chen MS-III, Stanford University School of Medicine Evan graduated from Stanford University and was previously a Johns Hopkins CUPID Fellow and is Co-President of Stanford's Internal Medicine Interest Group. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View the Complete Editorial Staff[/button] EDUCATION >> Stanford University School of Medicine >> Stanford University MEDICAL SPECIALTY >> Internal Medicine ASSOCIATIONS AND DISCLOSURES
- [Xu Gao](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/xu-gao/) - Editor: Medicine Xu Gao MS-III, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Xu obtained her undergraduate degree with a double major in Physiology and Genomics and Molecular Genetics from Michigan State University. She has research experience in both basic and clinical sciences and is currently conducting research with University of Cincinnati’s Cardiovascular Research Center. Outside of
- [Lewis First, MD, MS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/lewis-first-uvm/) - Reviewer Lewis First, MD, MS Professor and Chair of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine Dr. First is a general academic pediatrician who has been chair of the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Vermont College of Medicine and chief of the Vermont Children’s Hospital at Fletcher Allen Health Care in Burlington,
- [Vincent Chiang, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/vincent-chiang-md/) - Advisor Vincent Chiang, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School Vinny Chiang is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and serves as an administrator, educator and clinician at Boston Children’s Hospital. He is the Chief of Inpatient Services for the Department of Medicine (DOM) and the Associate Chief for Inpatient
- [William Raszka, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/william-raszka-md/) - Reviewer William Raszka, MD Professor of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine Dr. Raszka is a Pediatric Infectious Disease physician at the Vermont Children’s Hospital and the director of pediatric medical student education at the University of Vermont College of Medicine. He is currently Associate Editor of Pediatrics, a member of the Pediatrics Executive
- [CPT Akira Shishido, MD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/cpt-akira-shishido-md/) - Writer: Medicine CPT Akira Shishido, MD Captain, US Army Medical Corps; Internal Medicine Resident, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Aki plans to subspecialize in infectious disease after his internal medicine residency. At Harvard Medical School, he worked with small-molecule inhibitors of Lassa and Ebolavirus. Before medical school, he worked with peptide inhibitors of HIV at Thomas Jefferson University.
- [Amir Tarsha, MS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/amir-tarsha/) - Writer: Medicine Amir Tarsha, MS MS-II, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Amir graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a B.S. in psychology and an honors degree in Liberal Arts. He also received his M.S. in clinical bioethics from Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He is interested in novel technologies that
- [Nicholas Woolf](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/nicholas-woolf/) - Writer: Medicine Nicholas Woolf MS-II/PhD I, Boston University School of Medicine Nick Woolf is an MD/PhD candidate at Boston University School of Medicine. He is interested in hematology/oncology, and he’s currently conducting his thesis research on cell signaling dynamics during colon cancer metastasis. Nick is also a first-year fellow in BU’s Cross-Disciplinary Training in Nanotechnology for
- [Jonathan Lichkus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/jonathan-lichkus/) - Writer: Medicine Jonathan Lichkus MS-IV, Boston University School of Medicine Jonathan is a medical student at Boston University. He loves playing basketball, traveling, and trying new foods. He is pursuing a career in family medicine and is particularly interested in quality improvement. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View the Complete Editorial Staff[/button] EDUCATION >> Boston University School of
- [Melissa Mccoy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/melissa-mccoy/) - Writer: Medicine Melissa Mccoy MS-III, University of Minnesota Medical School Melissa is a 3rd year M.D. candidate at the University of Minnesota Medical School. Her background is in biochemistry, but her current path is focused on global health and social medicine education. She is currently spending time in Cameroon, dedicating time to improving radiology services in
- [David Wang](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/david-wang/) - Writer: Medicine David Wang MS-II, University of Toronto School of Medicine David is a 2nd year medical student at the University of Toronto after completing his Bachelor degree at McMaster University in Hamilton. David has a variety of interests including health policy, social media in medicine, and medical imaging. Outside of school, he can be
- [Adrienne Cheung](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/adrienne-cheung/) - Editor: Medicine Adrienne Cheung MS-II, University of British Columbia School of Medicine Adrienne is originally from Mississauga, Ontario and studied at McMaster University before moving out west. She has an interest in public health and is still exploring the options in medical specialties. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/" size="large" target="self"]View the Complete Editorial Staff[/button] EDUCATION >> University of
- [Neal Yuan](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/neal-yuan/) - Writer: Medicine Neal Yuan MS-IV, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine Neal majored in molecular biology with a certificate in bioengineering from Princeton before successfully making his way back home to the Bay Area. He is interested in global and public health issues and the intersection of technology with health systems. Neal is
- [Mimmie Kwong](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mimmie-kwong/) - Editor: Medicine Mimmie Kwong MS-IV, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine While she has called the East coast home for nearly a decade (Harvard ’10, Hopkins ’14), Mimmie is a Californian at heart who enjoys baseball, the outdoors, and a good burger. Her medical interests are in health policy, clinical outcomes, and device development/biomedical engineering. She
- [Mikhaela Monty](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mikhaela-monty/) - Writer: Pediatrics Mikhaela Monty MS-II, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine Mikhaela is a second-year medical student at Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine on Long Island, NY. She graduated Wellesley College in 2009 with a B.A. in economics and Russian language. Her interests include pediatrics, palliative care and the economic implications of healthcare policy. A
- [Mariya Samoylova](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/mariya-samoylova/) - Writer: Surgery Mariya Samoylova MS-II, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine Originally from Moscow, Mariya has lived out most of her life on the East coast, and received her undergrad degrees in Biology and Literature from MIT. Mariya is in love with transplant and orthopaedic surgery and is soon starting a Master’s in
- [Jai Madhok](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/jai-madhok/) - Writer: Medicine Jai Madhok MS-IV, Stanford University School of Medicine Jai grew up in India and Dubai. Prior to medical school, he attended Johns Hopkins University where he studied Biomedical Engineering. His academic interests include medical education, simulation, critical care, and perioperative medicine. Outside of school, he enjoys hiking, camping, and trying his hand at cooking.
- [Gayatri Boddupalli](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/gayatri-boddupalli/) - Writer: Medicine Gayatri Boddupalli MS-IV, Boston University School of Medicine After completing her undergraduate degree in Physiology and Neuroscience at UCSD, Gayatri taught high school biology through Teach for America in Baltimore. She will specialize in pediatrics. Her interests within medicine include include child advocacy, social determinants of health, global health, and medical journalism. When not
- [Allen Ho](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/allen-ho/) - Editor: Surgery Allen Ho MS-IV, Harvard Medical School Allen was previously a Fulbright Fellow in Nicaragua (2009) and a Howard Hughes Medical Research Fellow at MD Anderson (2013). He is planning on pursuing a career in neurosurgery. Allen is responsible for editing, writing and steering the direction of the surgery category. His hometown is Irvine, California. [button link="https://www.2minutemedicine.com/the-team/"
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- [curb-65](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/curb-65/)
- [dabigatran](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dabigatran/)
- [DBS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dbs/)
- [deep brain stimulation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/deep-brain-stimulation/)
- [defibrillators](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/defibrillators/)
- [Dengue fever](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dengue-fever/)
- [dermatology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dermatology/)
- [device](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/device/)
- [dexamethasone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dexamethasone/)
- [diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/diabetes/)
- [dilated cardiomyopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dilated-cardiomyopathy/)
- [diptheria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/diptheria/)
- [discharge](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/discharge/)
- [disease screening](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/disease-screening/)
- [dissection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dissection/)
- [DNA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dna/)
- [DNR](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dnr/)
- [dopaminergic therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dopaminergic-therapy/)
- [duty hours](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/duty-hours/)
- [DXA scan](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dxa-scan/)
- [ECP](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ecp/)
- [edta](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/edta/)
- [emergency department](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/emergency-department/)
- [emergency medicine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/emergency-medicine-2/)
- [emergent](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/emergent/)
- [encainide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/encainide/)
- [endoscopy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/endoscopy/)
- [energy drinks](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/energy-drinks/)
- [enoxapain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/enoxapain/)
- [Enterobacteriacea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/enterobacteriacea/)
- [epilepsy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/epilepsy/)
- [EPO](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/epo/)
- [ER](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/er/)
- [ER. emergency](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/er-emergency/)
- [Eritoran](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/eritoran/)
- [esophageal cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/esophageal-cancer/)
- [facial reanimation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/facial-reanimation/)
- [federal nutrition](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/federal-nutrition/)
- [fetal death](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fetal-death/)
- [FHL transfer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fhl-transfer/)
- [fibrinolysis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fibrinolysis/)
- [fistuala](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fistuala/)
- [fistula](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fistula/)
- [flecainide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/flecainide/)
- [flu](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/flu/)
- [flue](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/flue/)
- [fluid replacement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fluid-replacement/)
- [folic acid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/folic-acid/)
- [foramen ovale](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/foramen-ovale/)
- [gastroesophageal reflux disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/)
- [genetic testing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/genetic-testing/)
- [GERD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gerd/)
- [H1-antihistamine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/h1-antihistamine/)
- [HBV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hbv/)
- [hcg](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hcg/)
- [head injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/head-injury/)
- [health IT](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/health-it/)
- [heart attack](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/heart-attack/)
- [heart disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/heart-disease/)
- [heart failure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/heart-failure/)
- [helping babies breathe](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/helping-babies-breathe/)
- [hemodialysis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hemodialysis/)
- [hemoglobin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hemoglobin/)
- [heparin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/heparin/)
- [hepatitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hepatitis/)
- [hepatocellular carcinoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hepatocellular-carcinoma/)
- [hernia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hernia/)
- [herpes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/herpes/)
- [HIV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hiv/)
- [HMPS I](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hmps-i/)
- [hospice](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hospice/)
- [HSV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hsv/)
- [hybrid OR](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hybrid-or/)
- [hydroxyethyl starch](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hydroxyethyl-starch/)
- [hypertension](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hypertension/)
- [hypoglycemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hypoglycemia/)
- [hysterectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hysterectomy/)
- [ICU](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/icu/)
- [IGF](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/igf/)
- [immunization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/immunization/)
- [incisional hernia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/incisional-hernia/)
- [infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infarction/)
- [infection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infection/)
- [infectious disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infectious-disease-2/)
- [influenza](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/influenza/)
- [INR](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/inr/)
- [iron](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/iron/)
- [iron deficiency](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/iron-deficiency/)
- [keratoprosthesis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/keratoprosthesis/)
- [kidney disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/kidney-disease/)
- [lacosamide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lacosamide/)
- [laparoscopic](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/laparoscopic/)
- [levodopa](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/levodopa/)
- [lgb](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lgb/)
- [lipopolysaccharide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lipopolysaccharide/)
- [lipoprotein](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lipoprotein/)
- [low birth weight](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/low-birth-weight/)
- [lumpectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lumpectomy/)
- [lung cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lung-cancer/)
- [madit-ii](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/madit-ii/)
- [malaria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/malaria/)
- [malaria vaccine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/malaria-vaccine/)
- [malnutrition](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/malnutrition/)
- [mammography](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mammography/)
- [masseteeric nerve](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/masseteeric-nerve/)
- [mastectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mastectomy/)
- [medicare](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medicare/)
- [medication adherence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medication-adherence/)
- [mediterranean diet](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mediterranean-diet/)
- [meningitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/meningitis/)
- [meniscal tears](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/meniscal-tears/)
- [MERIT-HF](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/merit-hf/)
- [metastatic breast cance](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metastatic-breast-cance/)
- [metastatic thyroid cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metastatic-thyroid-cancer/)
- [metoprolol](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metoprolol/)
- [MI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mi/)
- [migraine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/migraine/)
- [multiple sclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/multiple-sclerosis/)
- [myocardial fibrosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/myocardial-fibrosis/)
- [myocardial infarction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/myocardial-infarction/)
- [myocardial ischemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/myocardial-ischemia/)
- [NASH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nash/)
- [nausea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nausea/)
- [NCI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nci/)
- [negligence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/negligence/)
- [neuro HIV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neuro-hiv/)
- [neurobehavioral](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neurobehavioral/)
- [neurologic endovascular](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neurologic-endovascular/)
- [neurology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neurology-2/)
- [Neurostimulation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neurostimulation/)
- [NICU](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nicu/)
- [nlst](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nlst/)
- [NSAID](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nsaid/)
- [nutrition](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nutrition/)
- [obesity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/obesity/)
- [OBGYN](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/obgyn/)
- [Obstructive Sleep Apnea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/obstructive-sleep-apnea/)
- [Omalizumab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/omalizumab/)
- [omeprazol](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/omeprazol/)
- [omeprazole](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/omeprazole/)
- [oncology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/oncology/)
- [ondansetron](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ondansetron/)
- [operating room](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/operating-room/)
- [Ophthalmology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ophthalmology/)
- [OSA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/osa/)
- [osteoarthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/osteoarthritis/)
- [otitis media](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/otitis-media/)
- [overdiagnosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/overdiagnosis/)
- [overweight](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/overweight/)
- [PAD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pad/)
- [pain management](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pain-management/)
- [pancreas](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pancreas/)
- [pancreatic surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pancreatic-surgery/)
- [pap smear](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pap-smear/)
- [paraesophageal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/paraesophageal/)
- [Parkinson’s](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/parkinsons/)
- [PC](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pc/)
- [PCI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pci/)
- [pediatric surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pediatric-surgery/)
- [pediatrics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pediatrics-2/)
- [peginesatide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/peginesatide/)
- [peptic ulcers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/peptic-ulcers/)
- [percutaneous coronary intervention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/percutaneous-coronary-intervention/)
- [peripheral artery disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/peripheral-artery-disease/)
- [personality disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/personality-disorder/)
- [pertussis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pertussis/)
- [pfo](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pfo/)
- [physical activity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/physical-activity/)
- [PIC](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pic/)
- [plastic surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/plastic-surgery/)
- [pneumonia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pneumonia/)
- [point of care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/point-of-care/)
- [policy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/policy/)
- [postpartum depression](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/postpartum-depression/)
- [PPI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ppi/)
- [pregnancy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pregnancy/)
- [premature infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/premature-infants/)
- [preterm](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/preterm/)
- [progesterone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/progesterone/)
- [prophylactic drains](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prophylactic-drains/)
- [prostate cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prostate-cancer/)
- [prostatectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prostatectomy/)
- [ptsd](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ptsd/)
- [pulmonology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pulmonology-2/)
- [radiosurgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/radiosurgery/)
- [radiotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/radiotherapy/)
- [RALES trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rales-trial/)
- [ramipril](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ramipril/)
- [readmission](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/readmission/)
- [recover trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/recover-trial/)
- [RESPECT trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/respect-trial/)
- [resuscitation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/resuscitation/)
- [retinal implant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/retinal-implant/)
- [retinal prosthesis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/retinal-prosthesis/)
- [revascularization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/revascularization/)
- [rheumatoid arthritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rheumatoid-arthritis/)
- [rhinovirus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rhinovirus/)
- [rivaroxaban](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rivaroxaban/)
- [RTS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rts/)
- [S/AS01E](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sas01e/)
- [safe sex](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/safe-sex/)
- [salt](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/salt/)
- [same-sex marriage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/same-sex-marriage/)
- [scar tissue](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/scar-tissue/)
- [screening](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/screening/)
- [screening guidelines](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/screening-guidelines/)
- [sedation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sedation/)
- [SEER](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/seer/)
- [seizures](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/seizures/)
- [Selumetinib](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/selumetinib/)
- [sepsis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sepsis/)
- [servicewomen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/servicewomen/)
- [sildenafil](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sildenafil/)
- [simulation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/simulation/)
- [sleep center](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sleep-center/)
- [smoking](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/smoking/)
- [smoking legislation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/smoking-legislation/)
- [SNAP](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/snap/)
- [South Africa](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/south-africa/)
- [sparcl](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sparcl/)
- [SPARCL trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sparcl-trial/)
- [spine angiography](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/spine-angiography/)
- [STD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/std/)
- [STEMI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stemi/)
- [stenting](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stenting/)
- [stillbirths](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stillbirths/)
- [stress](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stress/)
- [stress test](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stress-test/)
- [stroke](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stroke-2/)
- [Sublingual immunotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sublingual-immunotherapy/)
- [suicide](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/suicide/)
- [Surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/surgery-2/)
- [surgery checklists](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/surgery-checklists/)
- [syntax](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/syntax/)
- [syntax trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/syntax-trial/)
- [tavr](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tavr/)
- [teens](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/teens/)
- [teleomere](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/teleomere/)
- [television](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/television/)
- [tendinosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tendinosis/)
- [tendon](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tendon/)
- [tennis elbow](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tennis-elbow/)
- [teratogens](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/teratogens/)
- [tetanus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tetanus/)
- [tevar](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tevar/)
- [th17](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/th17/)
- [thromboembolism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/thromboembolism/)
- [tkr](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tkr/)
- [tobacco](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tobacco/)
- [total knee replacement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/total-knee-replacement/)
- [Transcatheter aortic valve replacement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/transcatheter-aortic-valve-replacement/)
- [trauma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/trauma/)
- [trauma surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/trauma-surgery/)
- [triggers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/triggers/)
- [tumor](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tumor/)
- [type 2 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/type-2-diabetes/)
- [ultrasound](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ultrasound/)
- [umbilical stump](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/umbilical-stump/)
- [unintended pregnancy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/unintended-pregnancy/)
- [urgent visits](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/urgent-visits/)
- [URI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/uri/)
- [urticaria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/urticaria/)
- [uterine bleeding](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/uterine-bleeding/)
- [vaccine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vaccine/)
- [vaccine schedule](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vaccine-schedule/)
- [vaccines](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vaccines/)
- [ventral hernia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ventral-hernia/)
- [vertebral malformations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vertebral-malformations/)
- [vertical transmission](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vertical-transmission/)
- [victimization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/victimization/)
- [viral load](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/viral-load/)
- [vitamin d](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vitamin-d/)
- [vitirification](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vitirification/)
- [VTE](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vte/)
- [warfarin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/warfarin/)
- [weight loss](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/weight-loss/)
- [work hour restrictions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/work-hour-restrictions/)
- [wound therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/wound-therapy/)
- [zofran](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/zofran/)
- [adult height](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/adult-height/)
- [childhood growth](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/childhood-growth/)
- [standardized tests](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/standardized-tests/)
- [varenicline](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/varenicline/)
- [hmps II](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hmps-ii/)
- [adverse events](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/adverse-events/)
- [medicaid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medicaid/)
- [policy statement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/policy-statement/)
- [teen pregnancy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/teen-pregnancy/)
- [sexual activity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sexual-activity/)
- [Duloxetine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/duloxetine/)
- [chemotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chemotherapy/)
- [cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cancer-2/)
- [neuropathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neuropathy/)
- [peripheral neuropathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/peripheral-neuropathy/)
- [S. aureus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/s-aureus/)
- [staph aureus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/staph-aureus/)
- [sternotomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sternotomy/)
- [melatonin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/melatonin/)
- [androgen deprivation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/androgen-deprivation/)
- [antifungal therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antifungal-therapy/)
- [amphotericin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/amphotericin/)
- [flucytosine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/flucytosine/)
- [courage trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/courage-trial/)
- [percutaneous cutaneous intervention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/percutaneous-cutaneous-intervention/)
- [coronary artery diseas](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/coronary-artery-diseas/)
- [antiseptic interventions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antiseptic-interventions/)
- [blunt cerebrovascular trauma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/blunt-cerebrovascular-trauma/)
- [CTA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cta/)
- [glaucoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/glaucoma/)
- [west africa](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/west-africa/)
- [laboring](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/laboring/)
- [labor](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/labor/)
- [mothers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mothers/)
- [group incentive](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/group-incentive/)
- [PSA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/psa/)
- [prostate specific antigen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prostate-specific-antigen/)
- [PLCO](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/plco/)
- [clot trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clot-trial/)
- [meals](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/meals/)
- [ITP](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/itp/)
- [immune thrombocytopenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/immune-thrombocytopenia/)
- [febrile](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/febrile/)
- [sleep](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sleep/)
- [POISE trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/poise-trial/)
- [video games](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/video-games/)
- [geriatrics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/geriatrics/)
- [alzheimer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/alzheimer/)
- [ABCA7](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/abca7/)
- [metagenomics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metagenomics/)
- [Shiga](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/shiga/)
- [ecoli](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ecoli/)
- [toxin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/toxin/)
- [John Ioannidis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/john-ioannidis/)
- [physics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/physics/)
- [statistics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/statistics/)
- [medicine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medicine/)
- [fmri](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fmri/)
- [functional mri](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/functional-mri/)
- [mri](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mri/)
- [remifentanil](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/remifentanil/)
- [chronic pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chronic-pain/)
- [DA-EPOCH-R](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/da-epoch-r/)
- [braf](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/braf/)
- [V600E](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/v600e/)
- [thyroid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/thyroid/)
- [thyroid cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/thyroid-cancer/)
- [intussusception](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intussusception/)
- [open surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/open-surgery/)
- [compartment syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/compartment-syndrome/)
- [military](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/military/)
- [neonatal mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neonatal-mortality/)
- [WHO](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/who/)
- [UNICEF](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/unicef/)
- [curb65](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/curb65/)
- [racial disparities](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/racial-disparities/)
- [preterm births](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/preterm-births/)
- [IVF](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ivf/)
- [IUD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/iud/)
- [uterine device](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/uterine-device/)
- [Levonorgestrel](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/levonorgestrel/)
- [cancer pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cancer-pain/)
- [NASCET](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nascet/)
- [Carotid endarterectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/carotid-endarterectomy/)
- [stenosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stenosis/)
- [quality improvement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/quality-improvement/)
- [vaccination](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vaccination/)
- [social netowrks](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/social-netowrks/)
- [accord](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/accord/)
- [accord trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/accord-trial/)
- [melanoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/melanoma/)
- [pediatric melanoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pediatric-melanoma/)
- [skin cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/skin-cancer/)
- [ultraviolet](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ultraviolet/)
- [antibiotic-induced rash](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antibiotic-induced-rash/)
- [rash](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rash/)
- [Epstein-Barr virus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/epstein-barr-virus/)
- [amoxicillin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/amoxicillin/)
- [clavulanate](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clavulanate/)
- [penicillin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/penicillin/)
- [ampicillin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ampicillin/)
- [startd](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/startd/)
- [Start D](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/start-d/)
- [depression](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/depression/)
- [SSRI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ssri/)
- [serotonin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/serotonin/)
- [colic](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/colic/)
- [infantile colic](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infantile-colic/)
- [surgical complications](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/surgical-complications/)
- [cost](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cost/)
- [financial burden](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/financial-burden/)
- [STAR*D](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stard/)
- [citalopram](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/citalopram/)
- [buproprion](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/buproprion/)
- [sertraline](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sertraline/)
- [pure study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pure-study/)
- [lifestyle modifications](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lifestyle-modifications/)
- [socioeconomic status](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/socioeconomic-status/)
- [glutamine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/glutamine/)
- [antioxidant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antioxidant/)
- [burn patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/burn-patients/)
- [inflammatory markers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/inflammatory-markers/)
- [resting energy expenditure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/resting-energy-expenditure/)
- [Contraband tobacco](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/contraband-tobacco/)
- [smoking cessation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/smoking-cessation/)
- [chemoprevention](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chemoprevention/)
- [raloxifene](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/raloxifene/)
- [tamoxifen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tamoxifen/)
- [weight](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/weight/)
- [gender](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gender/)
- [feeding control](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/feeding-control/)
- [chronic cough](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chronic-cough/)
- [foreign body removal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/foreign-body-removal/)
- [chest xray](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chest-xray/)
- [warts](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/warts/)
- [cutaneous](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cutaneous/)
- [in utero](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/in-utero/)
- [autism spectrum](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/autism-spectrum/)
- [valproate](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/valproate/)
- [ectopic pregnancy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ectopic-pregnancy/)
- [transvaginal sonography](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/transvaginal-sonography/)
- [cardiovascular risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cardiovascular-risk/)
- [gut microbes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gut-microbes/)
- [TMAO](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tmao/)
- [hepatitis C](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hepatitis-c/)
- [HepC](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hepc/)
- [HCV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hcv/)
- [sofosbuvir](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sofosbuvir/)
- [peginterferon](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/peginterferon/)
- [ribavirin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ribavirin/)
- [health education](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/health-education/)
- [infections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infections/)
- [helminths](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/helminths/)
- [SECA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/seca/)
- [liver transplant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/liver-transplant/)
- [hemopericardium](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hemopericardium/)
- [penetrating trauma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/penetrating-trauma/)
- [prove it trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prove-it-trial/)
- [statins](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/statins/)
- [reversal trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/reversal-trial/)
- [miscarriage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/miscarriage/)
- [Chromosomal analysis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chromosomal-analysis/)
- [medication errors](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medication-errors/)
- [leukemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/leukemia/)
- [reflux](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/reflux/)
- [pyelonephritis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pyelonephritis/)
- [prolactin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prolactin/)
- [bone health](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bone-health/)
- [hpv](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hpv/)
- [hpv vaccine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hpv-vaccine/)
- [NAS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nas/)
- [neonatal abstinence syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome/)
- [Subarachnoid hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/subarachnoid-hemorrhage/)
- [radiation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/radiation/)
- [SAH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sah/)
- [crystalloid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/crystalloid/)
- [blunt trauma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/blunt-trauma/)
- [preventative programs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/preventative-programs/)
- [estrogen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/estrogen/)
- [serm](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/serm/)
- [Selective estrogen receptor modulators](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/selective-estrogen-receptor-modulators/)
- [Gestational weight loss](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gestational-weight-loss/)
- [obese](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/obese/)
- [exercise](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/exercise/)
- [elderly](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/elderly/)
- [CATIE](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/catie/)
- [schizophrenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/schizophrenia/)
- [Olanzapine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/olanzapine/)
- [quetiapine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/quetiapine/)
- [risperidone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/risperidone/)
- [breast implants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/breast-implants/)
- [IBD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ibd/)
- [Influenza vaccine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/influenza-vaccine/)
- [neuropsychiatric drug trials](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neuropsychiatric-drug-trials/)
- [trials](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/trials/)
- [rhinitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rhinitis/)
- [immunotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/immunotherapy/)
- [ABCD2](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/abcd2/)
- [TIA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tia/)
- [health](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/health-2/)
- [oxygen saturation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/oxygen-saturation/)
- [preterm infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/preterm-infants/)
- [retinopathy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/retinopathy/)
- [brain injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/brain-injury/)
- [H. Pylori](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/h-pylori/)
- [immune response](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/immune-response/)
- [Toll-Like Receptor 1](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/toll-like-receptor-1/)
- [nucleotide polymorphism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nucleotide-polymorphism/)
- [snp](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/snp/)
- [immunology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/immunology/)
- [Lutein](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lutein/)
- [zeaxanthin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/zeaxanthin/)
- [omega-3](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/omega-3/)
- [age-related macular degeneration](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/age-related-macular-degeneration/)
- [vitamin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vitamin/)
- [antioxidants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antioxidants/)
- [Age-Related Eye Disease Study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/age-related-eye-disease-study/)
- [CML](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cml/)
- [JAK kinase](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/jak-kinase/)
- [genetic screening](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/genetic-screening/)
- [genes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/genes/)
- [chronic neutrophilic leukemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chronic-neutrophilic-leukemia/)
- [atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/atypical-chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/)
- [wheezing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/wheezing/)
- [RSV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rsv/)
- [MAKI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/maki/)
- [wheeze](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/wheeze/)
- [mutations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mutations/)
- [platelet transfusions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/platelet-transfusions/)
- [thrombocytopenia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/thrombocytopenia/)
- [nodule](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nodule/)
- [lap band](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lap-band/)
- [gastrectomies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gastrectomies/)
- [RYGB](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rygb/)
- [BMI overweight](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bmi-overweight/)
- [Cardiac surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cardiac-surgery/)
- [hospital costs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hospital-costs/)
- [transcranial magnetic stimulation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/)
- [language mapping](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/language-mapping/)
- [DCS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dcs/)
- [nTMS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ntms/)
- [consent](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/consent/)
- [birth](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/birth/)
- [vaginal delivery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vaginal-delivery/)
- [APGAR](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/apgar/)
- [C. difficile](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/c-difficile/)
- [metronidazole](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metronidazole/)
- [Vancomycin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vancomycin/)
- [formula](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/formula/)
- [infant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infant/)
- [texting](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/texting/)
- [driving](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/driving/)
- [lead levels](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lead-levels/)
- [psychiatry](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/psychiatry-2/)
- [blood lead level](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/blood-lead-level/)
- [CARP trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/carp-trial/)
- [vascular surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vascular-surgery/)
- [National Youth Tobacco Survey](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/national-youth-tobacco-survey/)
- [cigarettes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cigarettes/)
- [ICD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/icd/)
- [heart](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/heart/)
- [Urology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/urology/)
- [prolapse](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prolapse/)
- [pelvic prolapse](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pelvic-prolapse/)
- [medical studies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medical-studies/)
- [microbiota](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/microbiota/)
- [TOPPS Trial:](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/topps-trial/)
- [BRUISE CONTROL](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bruise-control/)
- [Defibrillator](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/defibrillator/)
- [Pacemaker](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pacemaker/)
- [ADVANCE III](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/advance-iii/)
- [Prophylaxis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prophylaxis/)
- [ventral hernia repair](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ventral-hernia-repair/)
- [nephrology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nephrology-2/)
- [endometriosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/endometriosis/)
- [Clinical trials](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clinical-trials-2/)
- [traumatic brain injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/traumatic-brain-injury/)
- [military service](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/military-service/)
- [health skull fracture](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/health-skull-fracture/)
- [CT scan](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ct-scan/)
- [whole-cell](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/whole-cell/)
- [DTaP](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dtap/)
- [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder/)
- [bone mineral density](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bone-mineral-density/)
- [osteoporosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/osteoporosis/)
- [RANKL](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rankl/)
- [PTH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pth/)
- [fracture](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fracture/)
- [anxiety](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/anxiety/)
- [music therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/music-therapy/)
- [intensive care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intensive-care/)
- [rewind](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rewind/)
- [macular degeneration](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/macular-degeneration/)
- [dual chamber ICD](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dual-chamber-icd/)
- [H7N9](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/h7n9/)
- [sofosuvir](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sofosuvir/)
- [nucleotide polymerase inhibitor](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nucleotide-polymerase-inhibitor/)
- [ribavarin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ribavarin/)
- [Escitalopram](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/escitalopram/)
- [mycardial ischemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mycardial-ischemia/)
- [tracheostomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tracheostomy/)
- [critical ill](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/critical-ill/)
- [chronic disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chronic-disease-2/)
- [mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mortality/)
- [Antidepressant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antidepressant/)
- [PROSEVA](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/proseva/)
- [ARDS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ards/)
- [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/)
- [cystic fibrosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cystic-fibrosis/)
- [lexapro](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lexapro/)
- [REMIT](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/remit/)
- [brain metastasis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/brain-metastasis/)
- [neural networks](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neural-networks/)
- [brain tumor](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/brain-tumor/)
- [CRASH-II](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/crash-ii/)
- [crash trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/crash-trial/)
- [Tranexamic acid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tranexamic-acid/)
- [hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hemorrhage/)
- [Adenotonsillectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/adenotonsillectomy/)
- [CHAT TRIAL](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chat-trial/)
- [pulmonary embolism](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pulmonary-embolism/)
- [PICC line](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/picc-line/)
- [chronic patients](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/chronic-patients/)
- [CT scans](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ct-scans/)
- [Iodine deficiency](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/iodine-deficiency/)
- [cognitive development](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cognitive-development/)
- [pain](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pain/)
- [veterans](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/veterans/)
- [fertility care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fertility-care/)
- [assisted reproduction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/assisted-reproduction/)
- [SOAP-II](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/soap-ii/)
- [SOAP trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/soap-trial/)
- [vasopressor](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vasopressor/)
- [dopamine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dopamine/)
- [norepinephrine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/norepinephrine/)
- [shock](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/shock/)
- [cardiovascular](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cardiovascular/)
- [atherosclerosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/atherosclerosis/)
- [homeless](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/homeless/)
- [children](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/children/)
- [B-cell lymphoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/b-cell-lymphoma/)
- [rituximab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rituximab/)
- [dupilumab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dupilumab/)
- [TracMan](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tracman/)
- [CMV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cmv/)
- [cytomegalovirus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cytomegalovirus/)
- [breast milk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/breast-milk/)
- [intracerebral hemorrhage](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intracerebral-hemorrhage/)
- [INTERACT](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/interact/)
- [INTERACT2](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/interact2/)
- [flying](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/flying/)
- [in-flight emergencies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/in-flight-emergencies/)
- [syncope](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/syncope/)
- [respiratory symptoms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/respiratory-symptoms/)
- [coxibs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/coxibs/)
- [nsaids](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nsaids/)
- [painkillers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/painkillers/)
- [ibuprofen](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ibuprofen/)
- [diclofenac](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/diclofenac/)
- [obstetrics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/obstetrics-2/)
- [proteinuria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/proteinuria/)
- [renal failure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/renal-failure/)
- [Coronavirus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/coronavirus/)
- [MERS-CoV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mers-cov/)
- [virus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/virus/)
- [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/)
- [gestational diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gestational-diabetes/)
- [macrosomia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/macrosomia/)
- [shoulder dystocia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/shoulder-dystocia/)
- [preeclampsia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/preeclampsia/)
- [suture](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/suture/)
- [single-layer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/single-layer/)
- [double-layer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/double-layer/)
- [maternal mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/maternal-mortality/)
- [infant mortality](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/infant-mortality/)
- [mrsa](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mrsa/)
- [bacteria](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bacteria/)
- [decolonization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/decolonization/)
- [plastic bags](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/plastic-bags/)
- [polyethylene](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/polyethylene/)
- [hypothermia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hypothermia/)
- [neonatal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neonatal/)
- [zinc](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/zinc/)
- [supplementation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/supplementation/)
- [diarrhea](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/diarrhea/)
- [hearing](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hearing/)
- [Otoacoustic emissions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/otoacoustic-emissions/)
- [CORPERNICUS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/corpernicus/)
- [carvedilol](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/carvedilol/)
- [gastric bypass](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gastric-bypass/)
- [metabolic syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metabolic-syndrome/)
- [life-style change](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/life-style-change/)
- [glycemic control](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/glycemic-control/)
- [sugery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sugery/)
- [Nivolumab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/nivolumab/)
- [ipilimumab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ipilimumab/)
- [metastatic melanoma](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/metastatic-melanoma/)
- [Eculizumab](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/eculizumab/)
- [hemolytic-uremic syndrome](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/)
- [CAPRICORN](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/capricorn/)
- [Beta-blockers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/beta-blockers/)
- [sexual-violence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sexual-violence/)
- [congolese](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/congolese/)
- [psychotherapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/psychotherapy/)
- [medication costs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/medication-costs/)
- [adherence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/adherence/)
- [emergency visits](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/emergency-visits/)
- [retrospective study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/retrospective-study/)
- [pharmaceutical](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pharmaceutical/)
- [Plasma-Lyte A](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/plasma-lyte-a/)
- [acid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/acid/)
- [base](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/base/)
- [Cardiorespiratory](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cardiorespiratory/)
- [fitness](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fitness/)
- [intrauterine device](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intrauterine-device/)
- [misoprostol](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/misoprostol/)
- [ovarian cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ovarian-cancer/)
- [contraceptive](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/contraceptive/)
- [Concussion](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/concussion/)
- [symptoms](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/symptoms/)
- [second](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/second/)
- [clinical study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clinical-study/)
- [feeding](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/feeding/)
- [education](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/education/)
- [mother](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mother/)
- [primary care](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/primary-care/)
- [dietary counseling](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dietary-counseling/)
- [training](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/training/)
- [european](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/european/)
- [ICTUS](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ictus/)
- [acute coronary syndromes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/acute-coronary-syndromes/)
- [angina](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/angina/)
- [Antimicrobial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/antimicrobial/)
- [EVAR](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/evar/)
- [Endovascular](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/endovascular/)
- [enterovirus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/enterovirus/)
- [thrombosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/thrombosis/)
- [CLOTS 3](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clots-3/)
- [liver cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/liver-cancer/)
- [SALL4](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sall4/)
- [copd](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/copd/)
- [inflammation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/inflammation/)
- [biomarkers](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/biomarkers/)
- [bronchiolitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bronchiolitis/)
- [fixed schedule](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fixed-schedule/)
- [adrenaline](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/adrenaline/)
- [saline](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/saline/)
- [operations](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/operations/)
- [Postoperative complications](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/postoperative-complications/)
- [iugr](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/iugr/)
- [mortality infants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mortality-infants/)
- [Latin America](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/latin-america/)
- [splenectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/splenectomy/)
- [fibromyalgia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fibromyalgia/)
- [confounders](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/confounders/)
- [longitudinal population based study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/longitudinal-population-based-study/)
- [EVAR II](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/evar-ii/)
- [aortic aneurysm](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/aortic-aneurysm/)
- [endocrine](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/endocrine/)
- [pcos](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pcos/)
- [oral glucose tolerance test](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/oral-glucose-tolerance-test/)
- [fingerstick glucose](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fingerstick-glucose/)
- [fasting plasma glucose](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fasting-plasma-glucose/)
- [sensitivity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sensitivity/)
- [clinical trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clinical-trial/)
- [gynecology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gynecology/)
- [racial differences](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/racial-differences/)
- [race](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/race/)
- [autism spectrum disorders](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/autism-spectrum-disorders/)
- [IQ](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/iq/)
- [intelligence](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intelligence/)
- [Neonatal growth](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/neonatal-growth/)
- [probit](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/probit/)
- [thrombolysis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/thrombolysis/)
- [tissue plasminogen activator](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tissue-plasminogen-activator/)
- [tpa](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tpa/)
- [type 1 diabetes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/type-1-diabetes/)
- [autoantibodies](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/autoantibodies/)
- [islet cells](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/islet-cells/)
- [endocrinology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/endocrinology/)
- [injections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/injections/)
- [methylprednisone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/methylprednisone/)
- [fungal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fungal/)
- [apoptosis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/apoptosis/)
- [autophagy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/autophagy/)
- [cardioplegic arrest](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cardioplegic-arrest/)
- [tissue](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/tissue/)
- [heart surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/heart-surgery/)
- [ischemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ischemia/)
- [postsurgical morbitity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/postsurgical-morbitity/)
- [standardization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/standardization/)
- [Clavien-Dindo classification](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/clavien-dindo-classification/)
- [procedure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/procedure/)
- [elective](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/elective/)
- [macular edema](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/macular-edema/)
- [uveitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/uveitis/)
- [interferon beta](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/interferon-beta/)
- [methotrexate](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/methotrexate/)
- [visual acuity](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/visual-acuity/)
- [immunosuppressive therapy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/immunosuppressive-therapy/)
- [scientific funding](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/scientific-funding/)
- [university](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/university/)
- [grants](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/grants/)
- [articles](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/articles/)
- [published](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/published/)
- [science](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/science/)
- [engineering](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/engineering/)
- [small](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/small/)
- [large](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/large/)
- [transmission](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/transmission/)
- [human-human contact](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/human-human-contact/)
- [incubation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/incubation/)
- [RAVE](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rave/)
- [vasculitis](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vasculitis/)
- [mental disorder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mental-disorder/)
- [lgbtq](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lgbtq/)
- [lgbt](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lgbt/)
- [parents](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/parents/)
- [sarcoid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sarcoid/)
- [insulin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/insulin/)
- [ED visits](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ed-visits/)
- [septic shock](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/septic-shock/)
- [corticus](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/corticus/)
- [corticus trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/corticus-trial/)
- [cortisone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cortisone/)
- [hypercalcemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hypercalcemia/)
- [hypocalcemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hypocalcemia/)
- [genetics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/genetics/)
- [FHH](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fhh/)
- [autosomal dominant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/autosomal-dominant/)
- [calcium-sensing receptor](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/calcium-sensing-receptor/)
- [parathyroid hormone](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/parathyroid-hormone/)
- [rectal cancer](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rectal-cancer/)
- [surgical resection](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/surgical-resection/)
- [emergency](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/emergency/)
- [carpal tunnel](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/carpal-tunnel/)
- [joint surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/joint-surgery/)
- [joint](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/joint/)
- [minimally invasive](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/minimally-invasive/)
- [learning curve](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/learning-curve/)
- [mitral valve replacement](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mitral-valve-replacement/)
- [rho kinase](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/rho-kinase/)
- [hyperemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/hyperemia/)
- [intraocular pressure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intraocular-pressure/)
- [fatty acids](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fatty-acids/)
- [PUFAs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pufas/)
- [Guillain-Barré](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/guillain-barre/)
- [Transient Ischemic Attack](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/transient-ischemic-attack/)
- [follow up](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/follow-up/)
- [incident high blood pressure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/incident-high-blood-pressure/)
- [retrospective cohort study](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/retrospective-cohort-study/)
- [atv](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/atv/)
- [fracture pediatrics](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fracture-pediatrics/)
- [peripheral vascular disease](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/peripheral-vascular-disease/)
- [treatment](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/treatment/)
- [claudication](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/claudication/)
- [ankle-brachial index](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ankle-brachial-index/)
- [in vitro fertilization](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/in-vitro-fertilization/)
- [couples](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/couples/)
- [mental retardation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mental-retardation/)
- [intracytoplasmic sperm injectiion](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/intracytoplasmic-sperm-injectiion/)
- [fresh embryos](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fresh-embryos/)
- [BNP](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bnp/)
- [STOP-HF](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stop-hf/)
- [apixaban](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/apixaban/)
- [kidney allografts](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/kidney-allografts/)
- [transplant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/transplant/)
- [mrna](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/mrna/)
- [outcomes](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/outcomes/)
- [power](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/power/)
- [esophagectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/esophagectomy/)
- [gastrectomy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/gastrectomy/)
- [bariatric](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/bariatric/)
- [adipose](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/adipose/)
- [PVAT](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pvat/)
- [spine surgery](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/spine-surgery/)
- [anesthesia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/anesthesia/)
- [respiratory](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/respiratory/)
- [CHARM](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/charm/)
- [Angiotensin](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/angiotensin/)
- [ACE inhibitors](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ace-inhibitors/)
- [oral HPV](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/oral-hpv/)
- [STI](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/sti/)
- [radiology](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/radiology-2/)
- [ionizing radiation](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/ionizing-radiation/)
- [risk](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/risk/)
- [unaware](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/unaware/)
- [exposure](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/exposure/)
- [pregnant](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pregnant/)
- [developmental delay](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/developmental-delay/)
- [dose-dependent](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/dose-dependent/)
- [time-dependent](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/time-dependent/)
- [reading ability](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/reading-ability/)
- [writing scores](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/writing-scores/)
- [national benchmark](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/national-benchmark/)
- [firearm safety](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/firearm-safety/)
- [guns](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/guns/)
- [murder](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/murder/)
- [prostate](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prostate/)
- [soy](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/soy/)
- [vitamins](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/vitamins/)
- [fee for service](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/fee-for-service/)
- [Pneumococcal](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pneumococcal/)
- [acute promyelocytic leukemia](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/acute-promyelocytic-leukemia/)
- [PIVOT](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pivot/)
- [surgical site infections](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/surgical-site-infections/)
- [stab wound](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/stab-wound/)
- [abdominal injury](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/abdominal-injury/)
- [imaging](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/imaging/)
- [blindness](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/blindness/)
- [visually impaired](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/visually-impaired/)
- [systemic review](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/systemic-review/)
- [drug-seeking behavior](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/drug-seeking-behavior/)
- [drugs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/drugs/)
- [prescriptions](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/prescriptions/)
- [pain control](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pain-control/)
- [randomized control trial](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/randomized-control-trial/)
- [lifestyle](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/lifestyle/)
- [reduced costs](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/reduced-costs/)
- [cytoreduction](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/cytoreduction/)
- [pelvic organ prolapse](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/pelvic-organ-prolapse/)
- [Child-Pugh](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/tag/child-pugh/)

## Product categories

- [Paid](https://www.2minutemedicine.com/product-category/paid/)