# University Canada West (UCW) --- ## Pages - [Fall 2025 Convocation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/fall-2025) - [Academic Operations and Initiatives](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/academic-operations-and-initiatives) - [Contact the Library](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/library/contact) - [Instructional and Faculty Support and Resources](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/library/faculty-research-support) - [Learning Common Services](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/library/learning-commons) - [Library Services](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/library/services) - [Library Resources](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/library/resources) - [About the Senate](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/senate/about) - [Join the MBA Games](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/mba-games/join) - [Payment methods](https://www.ucanwest.ca/admissions/tuition-fees/payment-methods) - [Department Chairs](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/department-chairs) - [Spring 2025 Convocation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/spring-2025) - [2025 Overview](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/2025-overview) - [Library and Learning Commons](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/library) - [Survey Platforms](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/accountability/surveys/survey-platforms) - [Research Publications](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/research/publications) - [Speak with an advisor](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/new-students/speak-with-an-advisor) - [University Access Program](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/university-access-program) - [Undergraduate Faculty Directory](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/undergraduate-faculty) - [Graduate Faculty Directory](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/graduate-faculty) - [Honorary Degree Recipients](https://www.ucanwest.ca/alumni/honorary-degree-recipients) - [Valedictorians](https://www.ucanwest.ca/alumni/valedictorians) - [Mission & Goals](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/mission-goals) - [Medals for Academic Excellence](https://www.ucanwest.ca/alumni/medals-for-academic-excellence) - [Academic Calendar](https://www.ucanwest.ca/admissions/academic-calendar) - [Transportation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/new-students/transportation) - [Custodianship](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/new-students/custodianship) - [Cost Of Living](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/new-students/cost-of-living) - [MBA Games](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/mba-games) - [Office of the Ombudsperson](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/ombudsperson) - [Moving To Vancouver](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/new-students/moving-to-vancouver) - [UCW Cohort Update FAQ](https://www.ucanwest.ca/faq/cohorts) - [MBA-ACCA Pathway](https://www.ucanwest.ca/programs/graduate/master-of-business-administration-mba-acca-pathway) - [Support for UCW Researchers](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/research/support-for-ucw-researchers) - [Partner with UCW Researchers](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/research/partner-with-ucw-researchers) - [Research](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/research) - [Collaborative Online International Learning](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/pathway-partners/collaborative-online-international-learning) - [Teaching & Learning Committee](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/senate/committees/teaching-learning-committee) - [Campus Health and Safety](https://www.ucanwest.ca/campus-health-safety) - [Canadian University Survey Consortium (CUSC) Survey](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/accountability/surveys/cusc) - [Graduation and Professional Student Survey (CGPSS)](https://www.ucanwest.ca/about/accountability/surveys/cgpss) - [Student Advisors](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/student-advisors) - [2024 Overview](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/2024-overview) - [2023 Overview](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/2023-overview) - [2022 Overview](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/2022-overview) - [Fall 2024 Convocation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/fall-2024) - [Leadership](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/leadership) - [Centre for Advanced Studies Overview](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/research/cas-mission/centre-for-advanced-studies) - [Centre for Advanced Studies](https://www.ucanwest.ca/academics/research/cas-mission) - [Podcast](https://www.ucanwest.ca/media/podcast) - [Alumni Success Stories](https://www.ucanwest.ca/alumni/alumni-success-stories) - [Student Life At UCW](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/student-affairs/life-at-ucw) - [New Employees](https://www.ucanwest.ca/careers/new-employees) - [Current Employees](https://www.ucanwest.ca/careers/current-employees) - [News and Events](https://www.ucanwest.ca/news-and-events) - [UCW Experts Guide](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/experts-guide) - [Current Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/students/current-students) - [Understanding Indigenous History: A Path Forward](https://www.ucanwest.ca/media/podcast/understanding-indigenous-history-a-path-forward) - [BD Recruitment](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/bd-recruitment) - [Search](https://www.ucanwest.ca/search) - [Articulation Agreement](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/pathway-partners/articulation-agreement) - [ESL Pathways](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/pathway-partners/esl-pathways) - [International Credential Recognition](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/pathway-partners/international-credential-recognition) - [International Pathways into Bachelor Degrees](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/pathway-partners/international-pathways-into-bachelor-degrees) - [Semester Abroad & Student Exchange](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/pathway-partners/semester-abroad-student-exchange) - [Department](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department) - [Academic Affairs](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/academic-affairs) - [Administration](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/administration) - [Arts, Communications & Social Sciences](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/arts-communications-social-sciences) - [Career Development](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/career-development) - [Community Engagement](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/community-engagement) - [Executive Team](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/executive-team) - [Facilities & Building Operations](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/facilities-building-operations) - [Faculty](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/faculty) - [Finance](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/finance) - [Health & Safety](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/health-safety) - [IT](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/it) - [Human Resources](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/human-resources) - [Staff Testimonials](https://www.ucanwest.ca/testimonial/staff) - [Alumni Testimonials](https://www.ucanwest.ca/testimonial/alumni) - [Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/testimonial/students) - [Student Affairs](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/student-affairs) - [Student Recruitment Advisors](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/student-recruitment-advisors) - [Staff](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/staff) - [Registrar Office](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/registrar-office) - [Office of the President](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/office-of-the-president) - [MBA Department of Quantitative Studies](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/mba-department-of-quantitative-studies) - [MBA Department of Marketing, Strategy & Entrepreneurship](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/mba-department-of-marketing-strategy-entrepreneurship) - [MBA Department of Leadership & People Management](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/mba-department-of-leadership-people-management) - [Marketing & Communications](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/marketing-communications) - [Library](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/library) - [Leadership](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/leadership) - [Recruitment](https://www.ucanwest.ca/directory/department/recruitment) - [Testimonials](https://www.ucanwest.ca/testimonial) - [International Partners](https://www.ucanwest.ca/partners/international-partners) - [Summer 2022 Convocation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/summer-2022) - [Summer 2023 Convocation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/convocation/summer-2023) - [Blog Authors](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/blog-authors) - [Business & Management](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management) - [Media & Communication](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/media-communication) --- ## Posts - [What is Marketing Management: A Complete Guide](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-is-marketing-management-a-complete-guide) - [What Is Operations Management and Why Is It Important?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/operations-management) - [What Is Business Statistics: Types, Benefits & More](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/business-statistics-types-benefits-applications) - [What is Critical Thinking and How Does an MBA Help?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/critical-thinking-skills) - [Festive things to do in Metro Vancouver this December](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/media-communication/festive-things-to-do-in-metro-vancouver-this-december) - [What is the significance of persuasive communication for a budding entrepreneur?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/what-is-the-significance-of-persuasive-communication-for-a-budding-entrepreneur) - [What is Talent Management and Why is It Important? ](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/what-is-talent-management-importance) - [Microeconomics vs Macroeconomics – Key Differences Explained](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/microeconomics-vs-macroeconomics-key-differences-explained) - [What are Business Fundamentals? A Beginner’s Guide](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-are-business-fundamentals-a-beginners-guide) - [Top BCom Specializations: A Comprehensive Guide](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/top-bcom-specializations-a-comprehensive-guide) - [Importance of communication strategy within an organization](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/importance-of-communication-strategy-within-an-organization) - [Best Places to Stay in Vancouver Canada for Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/best-places-to-stay-in-vancouver-canada-for-students) - [How to Become a Financial Analyst](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-become-a-financial-analyst) - [Top job opportunities with a Bachelor of Commerce degree](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/top-job-opportunities-with-a-bachelor-of-commerce-degree) - [Bachelor of Arts Degree Requirements: What You Need to Know ](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/bachelor-of-arts-degree-requirements) - [Top job roles after earning a business communication degree](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/top-job-roles-after-earning-a-business-communication-degree) - [Advantages and disadvantages of AI in education](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-ai-in-education) - [What Is an Undergraduate Degree in Canada?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-is-an-undergraduate-degree-in-canada) - [How has social media emerged as a powerful communication medium?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/media-communication/how-has-social-media-emerged-as-a-powerful-communication-medium) - [What is an Associate of Arts (AA) Degree?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/what-is-an-associate-of-arts-aa-degree) - [Employee Retention Strategies: Best Practices for MBA Graduates](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/employee-retention-strategies-best-practices-for-mba-graduates) - [Top Strategic Management Strategies for Business Success](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/top-strategic-management-strategies-for-business-success) - [How to Become a Financial Planner](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-become-a-financial-planner) - [Associate vs. Bachelor’s Degree: What’s the Difference?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/associate-vs-bachelors-degree-whats-the-difference) - [Job roles and responsibilities for BCom with Accounting elective area graduates](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/job-roles-and-responsibilities-for-bcom-with-accounting-elective-area-graduates) - [What Is Digital Transformation, Benefits, and Examples](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/what-is-digital-transformation) - [Truth and Reconciliation Day sparks national reflection](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/truth-and-reconciliation-day-sparks-national-reflection) - [Why Vancouver is a top destination for job opportunities](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/why-vancouver-is-a-top-destination-for-job-opportunities) - [10 Best Productivity Apps for Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/10-best-productivity-apps-for-students) - [The Importance of Business Communication](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/the-importance-of-business-communication) - [Entrepreneurial Mindset: Key Traits and Characteristics](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/entrepreneurial-mindset-key-traits-and-characteristics) - [Effective Stress Management Techniques for Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/effective-stress-management-techniques-for-students) - [Innovative Business Startup Ideas for Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/innovative-business-startup-ideas-for-students) - [The Impact of Social Media on Marketing Strategies](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/the-impact-of-social-media-on-marketing-strategies) - [How should a beginner prepare for the GMAT?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-should-a-beginner-prepare-for-the-gmat) - [The Magic of Multilingualism: Benefits Beyond Communication](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/the-magic-of-multilingualism-benefits-beyond-communication) - [Best study spots for university students in Vancouver](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/best-study-spots-for-university-students-in-vancouver) - [Preparing for Your First Term at UCW](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/preparing-for-your-first-term-at-ucw) - [What is IELTS? All You Need to Know About IELTS](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-is-ielts-all-you-need-to-know-about-ielts) - [Exploring British Columbia: 10 local weekend getaway ideas](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/exploring-british-columbia-10-local-weekend-getaway-ideas) - [How will artificial intelligence change the future of work](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-will-artificial-intelligence-change-the-future-of-work) - [8 restaurants around UCW campuses to check out](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/8-restaurants-around-ucw-campuses-to-check-out) - [10 fun things to do in Vancouver this summer](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/10-fun-things-to-do-in-vancouver-this-summer) - [Applying for a Masters in Canada | A Guide for International Students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/applying-masters-in-canada-a-guide-for-international-students) - [How to Make Your Resumé Stand Out: 7 Tips to Land That Dream Job](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-make-your-resume-stand-out-7-tips-to-land-that-dream-job) - [Discover the benefits of online learning at university](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/discover-the-benefits-of-online-learning-at-university) - [Crafting the future: Prototyping's role in design and innovation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/crafting-the-future-prototypings-role-in-design-and-innovation) - [How to apply for a scholarship in Canada](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-apply-for-a-scholarship-in-canada) - [What can you do with a Bachelor of Arts degree?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-can-you-do-with-a-bachelor-of-arts-degree) - [Navigating the Canadian job market for international students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/navigating-the-canadian-job-market-for-international-students) - [What can you do with a business degree: Career paths and opportunities](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-can-you-do-with-a-business-degree-career-paths-and-opportunities) - [What employers are looking for in new graduates](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-employers-are-looking-for-in-new-graduates) - [How to make the most of your networking opportunities](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-make-the-most-of-your-networking-opportunities) - [Coping with homesickness and cultural adjustment as a university student](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/coping-with-homesickness-and-cultural-adjustment) - [What is the difference between colleges and universities in Canada](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/what-is-the-difference-between-colleges-and-universities-in-canada) - [How to Utilize LinkedIn for Practicums and Job Hunting](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-utilize-linkedin-for-practicums-and-job-hunting) - [Is an Associate of Arts degree worth it?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/is-an-associate-of-arts-degree-worth-it) - [The art of transformative travel: Exploring the world with purpose](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/the-art-of-transformative-travel-exploring-the-world-with-purpose) - [MBA Degree: A gateway to global business success stories](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/mba-degree-a-gateway-to-global-business-success-stories) - [Cultural Exchange at UCW: Celebrating Diversity Through Food](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/cultural-exchange-at-ucw-celebrating-diversity-through-food) - [5 best social media platforms for your business](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/media-communication/5-best-social-media-platforms-for-your-business) - [Nurturing nature: The therapeutic benefits of gardening](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/nurturing-nature-the-therapeutic-benefits-of-gardening) - [Celebrating Black History Month in Canada and the people who shaped it](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/celebrating-black-history-month-in-canada) - [The Future of Marketing](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/the-future-of-marketing) - [Nurturing Unity and Diversity: Building connections with Filipino students through FILSA](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/nurturing-unity-and-diversity-building-connections-with-filipino-students-through-filsa) - [Top 10 business and technology trends of 2024](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/top-10-business-and-technology-trends-of-2024) - [The Future of Work: Essential Skills for Success in 2024 and Beyond](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/the-future-of-work-essential-skills-for-success-in-2024-and-beyond) - [UCW's Most Read Blogs of 2023](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/media-communication/ucws-most-read-blogs-of-2023) - [The power of storytelling: How narratives shape our lives](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/the-power-of-storytelling-how-narratives-shape-our-lives) - [Creating a Spotify playlist for the holidays](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/creating-a-spotify-playlist-for-the-holidays) - [Beyond the screens: Rediscovering the joy of analog hobbies](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/beyond-the-screens-rediscovering-the-joy-of-analog-hobbies) - [How to look after your mental health during the holidays while studying abroad](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/how-to-look-after-your-mental-health-during-the-holidays-while-studying-abroad) - [Must-take photos around Vancouver over the holidays](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/must-take-photos-around-vancouver-over-the-holidays) - [How to nail your elevator pitch](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-nail-your-elevator-pitch) - [The best way to save money in Canada as an international university student](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/the-best-way-to-save-money-in-canada-as-an-international-university-student) - [Unlocking the Future: How AI and Blockchain are working together](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/unlocking-the-future-how-ai-and-blockchain-are-working-together) - [How businesses can navigate inflation](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-businesses-can-navigate-inflation) - [Choosing an MBA exit course and why?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/choosing-an-mba-exit-course-and-why) - [8 fun things to do this fall in Vancouver](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/fun-things-to-do-this-fall-in-vancouver) - [Graduation day nears with UCW’s Fall Convocation 2023](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/graduation-day-nears-with-ucws-fall-convocation-2023) - [The power of daily habits: Its importance and how it impacts our lives](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/the-power-of-daily-habits-its-importance-and-how-it-impacts-our-lives) - [Study strategies to kick off the new term](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/study-strategies-to-kick-off-the-new-term) - [The MBA job search: A comprehensive guide to landing your dream job](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/the-mba-job-search-a-comprehensive-guide-to-landing-your-dream-job) - [My Experience at the Ocean Wise Shoreline Cleanup Event at UCW](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/my-experience-at-the-ocean-wise-shoreline-cleanup-event-at-ucw) - [Truth and Reconciliation Day: A Journey Towards Healing and Understanding](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/truth-and-reconciliation-day-a-journey-towards-healing-and-understanding) - [How to use social media to your advantage when job hunting](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-use-social-media-to-your-advantage-when-job-hunting) - [What makes a successful entrepreneur?](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/what-makes-a-successful-entrepreneur) - [Effective communication strategies for leaders](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/effective-communication-strategies-for-leaders) - [How AI is reshaping the job market](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/business-management/how-ai-is-reshaping-the-job-market) - [How to be a better project manager](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/how-to-be-a-better-project-manager) - [Vancouver ranks first in high tech job growth](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/vancouver-ranks-first-in-high-tech-job-growth) - [How does social media affect mental health](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/media-communication/how-does-social-media-affect-mental-health) - [The history of BC Day](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/history-of-bc-day) - [How to make a good impression in a virtual job interview](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-make-a-good-impression-in-a-virtual-job-interview) - [Vancouver ranks third best city in Canada for students](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/vancouver-ranks-third-best-city-in-canada-for-students) - [How Bachelor of Commerce graduates can capitalize on online retail trends](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-bachelor-of-commerce-graduates-can-capitalize-on-online-retail-trends) - [How to stand out in the job market with a Bachelor of Arts degree](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/education-careers-tips/how-to-stand-out-in-the-job-market-with-a-bachelor-of-arts-degree) - [Finding a Balance: Managing Life as a Student in Vancouver and Balancing Work and School](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/finding-a-balance-managing-life-as-a-student-in-vancouver-and-balancing-work-and-school) - [10 fun things to do around Vancouver this summer](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/10-fun-things-to-do-around-vancouver-this-summer) - [Celebrating National Indigenous History Month](https://www.ucanwest.ca/blog/lifestyle-culture/celebrating-national-indigenous-history-month) ---